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General scheme of autophagolysosome formation (according to D’Arcy [4]). Activation of ULK1 and class III PI3K complexes stimulates autophagophore formation. A complex consisting of ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16L stimulates, together with LC3II, phagophore lengthening and is necessary for autophagosome formation. The p62 protein associates with LC3II and ubiquitinated degraded proteins and is engulfed by the autophagosome. Lysosomal enzymes hydrolyze the autophagosome contents after fusion
