TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants at the beginning of each acute study visit1
| Characteristics | Modified | Control |
|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Men | 31 (59.6) | |
| Women | 21 (40.4) | |
| Age, y | 53 ± 2 | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| White | 46 (88) | |
| Black | 2 (4) | |
| Chinese/Far Eastern | 2 (4) | |
| Asian | 2 (4) | |
| Body weight, kg | 77.6 ± 1.9 | 77.8 ± 1.9 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 25.9 ± 0.5 | 25.9 ± 0.5 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 90.1 ± 1.5 | 89.2 ± 1.4 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||
| Systolic | 120 ± 2 | 120 ± 2 |
| Diastolic | 69 ± 1 | 70 ± 1 |
| Fasting serum lipid profile, mmol/L | ||
| TC | 5.55 ± 0.14 | 5.48 ± 0.12 |
| LDL-C | 3.46 ± 0.11 | 3.44 ± 0.10 |
| HDL-C | 1.52 ± 0.05 | 1.52 ± 0.04 |
| Habitual dietary intake2 | ||
| Energy, MJ/d | 8.3 ± 0.3 | 8.5 ± 0.4 |
| Total fat, %TE | 35.9 ± 0.8 | 36.5 ± 0.9 |
| SFAs, %TE | 14.1 ± 0.5 | 13.9 ± 0.5 |
| MUFAs, %TE | 11.8 ± 0.4 | 11.9 ± 0.4 |
| n–6 PUFAs, %TE | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.2 |
| n–3 PUFAs, %TE | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| Total PUFAs, %TE | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.3 |
| TFAs, %TE | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| Protein, %TE | 17.0 ± 0.5 | 16.3 ± 0.5 |
| Carbohydrates, %TE | 46.7 ± 1.1 | 46.4 ± 1.0 |
| Alcohol, %TE | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.5 |
| Dietary fiber (AOAC), g/d | 20.5 ± 1.0 | 20.2 ± 1.2 |
| Sodium, g/d | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2 |
1
Values are given as untransformed and unadjusted means ± SEMs or n (%); n = 52 (overall group). Ethnicity was determined by self-report. No significant differences were observed between the baseline characteristics of participants prior to modified and control study visits, as assessed by paired t-tests (continuous variables) and chi-square test (categorical variable). AOAC, Association of Analytical Chemists; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TFA, trans fatty acid; %TE, percentage of total energy intake.
2
Assessed by 4-d weighed food diet diaries in the 1-wk run-in period to each study visit.