TABLE 4.
Fasting and postprandial serum lipids, glucose, and insulin responses following sequential high-fat mixed-meal challenges rich in fatty acid–modified or conventional (control) dairy products in adults with moderate cardiovascular disease risk1
| Modified | Control | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TGs2 | |||
| Fasting, mmol/L | 1.25 ± 0.08 | 1.15 ± 0.06 | 0.163 |
| Cmax, mmol/L | 2.83 ± 0.15 | 2.58 ± 0.12 | 0.080 |
| Tmax, min | 355 ± 9 | 334 ± 9 | 0.045 |
| AUC, mmol/L × min | 950 ± 53 | 879 ± 41 | 0.163 |
| iAUC, mmol/L × min | 351 ± 26 | 325 ± 23 | 0.651 |
| apoB | |||
| Fasting,2 mg/mL | 1.01 ± 0.03 | 1.00 ± 0.03 | 0.324 |
| Cmax,2 mg/mL | 1.03 ± 0.03 | 1.04 ± 0.03 | 0.725 |
| Tmax, min | 212 ± 24 | 207 ± 22 | 0.790 |
| AUC,2 mg/mL × min | 472 ± 14 | 470 ± 14 | 0.477 |
| iAUC, mg/mL × min | -14 ± 3 | -11 ± 2 | 0.284 |
| NEFAs | |||
| Fasting,2 μmol/L | 557 ± 25 | 554 ± 31 | 0.412 |
| Cmin30–330,2 μmol/L | 113 ± 5 | 111 ± 6 | 0.212 |
| Tmin30–330,2 min | 142 ± 6 | 135 ± 7 | 0.394 |
| Suppression30–330,2 % | 79 ± 1 | 77 ± 2 | 0.318 |
| Cmax120–480,2 μmol/L | 436 ± 19 | 481 ± 21 | 0.083 |
| Tmax120–480,2 min | 361 ± 5 | 360 ± 6 | 0.806 |
| AUC120–480,2 mmol/L × min | 91 ± 3 | 97 ± 4 | 0.192 |
| iAUC120–480, mmol/L × min | 45 ± 3 | 51 ± 4 | 0.223 |
| Glucose | |||
| Fasting,2 mmol/L | 5.41 ± 0.11 | 5.39 ± 0.10 | 0.870 |
| Cmax,2 mmol/L | 8.27 ± 0.22 | 7.99 ± 0.21 | 0.086 |
| Tmax, min | 230 ± 25 | 243 ± 25 | 0.620 |
| AUC,2 mmol/L × min | 2940 ± 64 | 2870 ± 64 | 0.055 |
| iAUC,2 mmol/L × min | 347 ± 41 | 286 ± 40 | 0.145 |
| Insulin | |||
| Fasting, pmol/L | 41.2 ± 3.6 | 41.3 ± 4.0 | 0.948 |
| Cmax, pmol/L | 551 ± 51 | 509 ± 42 | 0.108 |
| Tmax, min | 170 ± 25 | 222 ± 25 | 0.062 |
| AUC, μmol/L × min | 121 ± 11 | 114 ± 9 | 0.204 |
| iAUC, μmol/L × min | 102 ± 9 | 95 ± 8 | 0.151 |
Values are untransformed and unadjusted means ± SEMs. For all variables, n = 46, except n = 49 for apoB and n = 43 for NEFAs. Time interval for AUC and iAUC: 480 min for all variables, except for 360 min NEFA. Linear mixed-model analyses were used to calculate overall treatment effect in postprandial summary measures, with adjustments made for fixed effects of period, treatment, gender, age, and BMI. Participant was included as a random effect. For all outcome measures, P ≤ 0.01 was deemed significant to acknowledge multiplicity. Cmax, maximum concentration; Cmin, minimum concentration; iAUC, incremental AUC; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid; TG; triacylglycerol; Tmax, time to reach maximum concentration; Tmin, time to reach minimum concentration.
Indicates data were log-transformed prior to analysis.