TABLE 5.
Fasting and postprandial summary responses of selected plasma total lipid fatty acids following sequential high-fat mixed-meal challenges rich in fatty acid–modified or conventional (control) dairy products in adults with moderate cardiovascular disease risk1
| Modified | Control | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SFAs | |||
| 12:0 | |||
| Fasting, g/100 g total FAs | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.489 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 47 ± 7 | 68 ± 13 | 0.446 |
| iAUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 7 ± 7 | 29 ± 14 | 0.446 |
| 14:02 | |||
| Fasting, g/100 g total FAs | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 0.861 |
| AUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 689 ± 24 | 835 ± 28 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 279 ± 15 | 424 ± 25 | <0.0001 |
| 15:0 | |||
| Fasting, g/100 g total FAs | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.468 |
| AUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 119 ± 2 | 138 ± 3 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 22 ± 1 | 39 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
| 16:0 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 22.89 ± 0.25 | 22.67 ± 0.19 | 0.451 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 9760 ± 91 | 10,400 ± 73 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 142 ± 33 | 837 ± 48 | <0.0001 |
| 17:0 | |||
| Fasting, g/100g total FAs | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.537 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs x min | 117 ± 3 | 128 ± 3 | 0.603 |
| iAUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 1 ± 3 | 12 ± 4 | 0.458 |
| 18:0 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 7.50 ± 0.13 | 7.33 ± 0.12 | 0.103 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 3410 ± 42 | 3260 ± 45 | 0.0002 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 255 ± 38 | 181 ± 43 | 0.132 |
| Total SFAs3 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 33.30 ± 0.36 | 32.91 ± 0.28 | 0.277 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 14,700 ± 126 | 15,400 ± 111 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC, g/100g total FAs × min | 741 ± 69 | 1580 ± 109 | <0.0001 |
| MUFAs | |||
| cis-9 18:1 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 21.75 ± 0.38 | 21.56 ± 0.35 | 0.923 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 9350 ± 161 | 8730 ± 146 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 219 ± 76 | -323 ± 67 | <0.0001 |
| Total cis-18:14 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 23.53 ± 0.32 | 23.36 ± 0.30 | 0.975 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 10,100 ± 133 | 9460 ± 124 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 204 ± 63 | −353 ± 56 | <0.0001 |
| Total cis-MUFAs5 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 25.19 ± 0.36 | 24.99 ± 0.32 | 0.996 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 10,800 ± 150 | 10,300 ± 139 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 272 ± 67 | −238 ± 59 | <0.0001 |
| trans-9 18:1 | |||
| Fasting, g/100 g total FAs | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.309 |
| AUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 85 ± 3 | 53 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 33 ± 5 | 4 ± 4 | <0.0001 |
| trans-10 18:1 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.239 |
| AUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 222 ± 9 | 57 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 184 ± 9 | 16 ± 3 | <0.0001 |
| trans-11 18:1 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.421 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 100 ± 3 | 102 ± 2 | 0.198 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 41 ± 3 | 41 ± 3 | 0.811 |
| Total trans-18:16 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 0.56 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.679 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 657 ± 19 | 358 ± 7 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 422 ± 22 | 118 ± 12 | <0.0001 |
| Total trans-MUFAs7 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 1.03 ± 0.03 | 1.02 ± 0.03 | 0.934 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 855 ± 21 | 552 ± 9 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 424 ± 22 | 122 ± 13 | <0.0001 |
| Total TFAs8 | |||
| Fasting, g/100 g total FAs | 1.36 ± 0.04 | 1.36 ± 0.04 | 0.699 |
| AUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 1000 ± 24 | 695 ± 11 | <0.0001 |
| iAUC, g/100 g total FAs × min | 434 ± 25 | 124 ± 16 | <0.0001 |
| PUFAs | |||
| Total CLAs9 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.561 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 118 ± 4 | 108 ± 4 | 0.019 |
| iAUC,2 g/100g total FAs × min | 39 ± 3 | 25 ± 2 | 0.001 |
| Total n–3 PUFAs10 | |||
| Fasting,2 g/100 g total FAs | 3.72 ± 0.12 | 3.86 ± 0.15 | 0.426 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 1460 ± 50 | 1480 ± 52 | 0.786 |
| iAUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | −106 ± 24 | −143 ± 29 | 0.211 |
| Total n–6 PUFAs11 | |||
| Fasting, g/100 g total FAs | 34.94 ± 0.66 | 35.43 ± 0.59 | 0.544 |
| AUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | 13,400 ± 241 | 13,600 ± 217 | 0.440 |
| iAUC,2 g/100 g total FAs × min | -1250 ± 138 | -1250 ± 139 | 0.896 |
Values are untransformed and unadjusted means ± SEMs. For all variables, n = 47–48. The time interval for AUC and iAUC: 420 min for all variables. Linear mixed-model analyses were used to calculate overall treatment effect in postprandial summary measures, with adjustments made for fixed effects of period, treatment, gender, age, and BMI. Participant was included as a random effect. For all outcome measures, P ≤ 0.01 was deemed significant to acknowledge multiplicity. CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; FA, fatty acid; iAUC, incremental AUC; TFA, trans fatty acid.
Indicates data were log-transformed prior to analysis.
Total SFAs include: 6:0, 7:0, 8:0, 9:0, 10:0, 11:0, 12:0, 13:0 iso, 13:0 anteiso, 13:0, 14:0 iso, 14:0, 15:0 anteiso, 15:0, 16:0 iso, 16:0, 17:0 iso, 17:0 anteiso, 17:0, 18:0 iso, 18:0, 19:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0.
Total cis-18:1 include: cis-9 18:1, cis-11 18:1, cis-12 18:1, cis-13 18:1, cis-14 18:1, cis-15 18:1, and cis-16 18:1.
Total cis-MUFAs include: cis-9 10:1, cis-10 11:1, cis-9 12:1, 13:1 (unknown bond position), cis-9 14:1, cis-10 15:1, cis-9 16:1, cis-13 16:1, cis-10 17:1, cis-9 17:1, cis-9 18:1, cis-11 18:1, cis-12 18:1, cis-13 18:1, cis-14 18:1 cis-15 18:1, cis-16 18:1, 19:1 (unknown bond position), cis-5 20:1, cis-8 20:1, cis-11 20:1, cis-13 22:1, and cis-15 24:1.
Total trans 18:1 include: trans-4 18:1, trans-6 18:1, trans-7 18:1, trans-8 18:1, trans-9 18:1, trans-10 18:1, trans-11 18:1, trans-12 18:1, trans-15 18:1, and trans-16 18:1.
Total trans-MUFAs include: trans-9 14:1, trans-9 16:1, trans-11 16:1, trans-13 16:1, trans-10 17:1, trans-4 18:1, trans-6 18:1, trans-7 18:1, trans-8 18:1, trans-9 18:1, trans-10 18:1, trans-11 18:1, trans-12 18:1, trans-15 18:1, and trans-16 18:1.
Total TFAs include: trans-18:1, trans-11, 15 18:2, trans-9, 12 18:2, cis-9, trans-13 18:2, cis-10, trans-14 18:2, cis-9, trans-12 18:2, trans-9, 12 18:2, trans-11, cis-15 18:2, and trans-12, cis-15 18:2.
Total CLAs include a peak, which contains mainly cis-9, trans-11 CLA, but also trans-7, cis-9 CLA, trans-8, cis-10 CLA, and trans-6, cis-8 CLA.
Total n–3 PUFAs include: trans-11, 15 18:2, trans-11, cis-15 18:2, trans-12, cis-15 18:2, cis-9, 12, 15, 18:3, cis-11, 14, 17 20:3, cis-5, 8, 11, 14, 17 20:5, cis-7, 10, 13, 16, 19 22:5, and cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 22:6.
Total n–6 PUFAs include: trans-9, 12 18:2, cis-9, trans-12 18:2, trans-9, cis-12 18:2, cis-9, 12 18:2, cis-6, 9, 12 18:3, cis-11, 14 20:2, cis-8, 11, 14 20:3, cis-5, 8, 11, 14 20:4, cis-13, 16 20:2, and cis-7, 10, 13, 16 22:4.