Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients Initiated on Antiretroviral Therapy Under Same-Day and Early Protocols, and Predictors of Same-Day Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation, Under the Treat-All Policy, Eswatini, 2014–2016
| Baseline Characteristics (n = 1,328) | Predictors of Same-Day ART (n = 1,328) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | % Missing Values | Same-Day ART (n = 839; 63.2%) | Early ART (n = 489; 36.8%) | P Value | Crude RR | 95% CI | Adjusted RR | 95% CI | ||
| Year | 0.0 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 2014 | 117 | 13.9 | 88 | 18.0 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| 2015 | 552 | 65.8 | 359 | 73.4 | 1.06 | 0.87, 1.30 | 1.03 | 0.83, 1.27 | ||
| 2016 | 170 | 20.3 | 42 | 8.6 | 1.41 | 1.11, 1.78 | 1.20 | 0.93, 1.55 | ||
| Timing of HIV diagnosisa | 0.5 | 0.064 | ||||||||
| Before treat-all | 139 | 16.7 | 63 | 12.9 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Under treat-all | 694 | 83.3 | 426 | 87.1 | 0.90 | 0.75, 1.08 | 1.18 | 0.85, 1.65 | ||
| Facility | 0.0 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| SHC | 197 | 23.5 | 265 | 54.2 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| PHC 1 | 62 | 7.4 | 41 | 8.4 | 1.41 | 1.06, 1.88 | 1.45 | 1.07, 1.97 | ||
| PHC 2 | 60 | 7.2 | 31 | 6.3 | 1.55 | 1.16, 2.06 | 1.54 | 1.15, 2.08 | ||
| PHC 3 | 35 | 4.2 | 33 | 6.7 | 1.21 | 0.84, 1.73 | 1.20 | 0.83, 1.72 | ||
| PHC 4 | 88 | 10.5 | 14 | 2.9 | 2.02 | 1.57, 2.60 | 1.96 | 1.51, 2.54 | ||
| PHC 5 | 69 | 8.2 | 6 | 1.2 | 2.16 | 1.64, 2.84 | 2.31 | 1.73, 3.09 | ||
| PHC 6 | 130 | 15.5 | 25 | 5.1 | 1.97 | 1.58, 2.45 | 1.80 | 1.42, 2.28 | ||
| PHC 7 | 165 | 19.7 | 39 | 8.0 | 1.90 | 1.54, 2.33 | 1.84 | 1.47, 2.30 | ||
| PHC 8 | 33 | 3.9 | 35 | 7.2 | 1.14 | 0.79, 1.65 | 1.17 | 0.80, 1.70 | ||
| Time from HIV diagnosis to care enrollment | 0.5 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Same-day | 426 | 51.2 | 237 | 48.6 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| 1–89 days | 239 | 28.7 | 194 | 39.8 | 0.86 | 0.73, 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.87, 1.21 | ||
| ≥90 days | 167 | 20.1 | 57 | 11.7 | 1.16 | 0.97, 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.01, 1.88 | ||
| Sex/pregnancy | 0.6 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Men | 192 | 23.0 | 146 | 30.0 | 1.00 | 0.84, 1.19 | 1.14 | 0.94, 1.38 | ||
| Nonpregnant women | 350 | 41.9 | 266 | 54.7 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Pregnant women | 293 | 35.1 | 74 | 15.2 | 1.41 | 1.20, 1.64 | 1.37 | 1.15, 1.62 | ||
| Age at ART initiation, years | 0.0 | 0.042 | ||||||||
| 16–24 | 220 | 26.2 | 104 | 21.3 | 1.09 | 0.93, 1.27 | 1.03 | 0.86, 1.22 | ||
| 25–49 | 570 | 67.9 | 344 | 70.3 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| ≥50 | 49 | 5.8 | 41 | 8.4 | 0.87 | 0.65, 1.17 | 1.01 | 0.75, 1.37 | ||
| Marital status | 2.0 | 0.318 | ||||||||
| Married | 252 | 30.8 | 162 | 33.5 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Not married | 566 | 69.2 | 322 | 66.5 | 1.05 | 0.91, 1.22 | 1.04 | 0.89, 1.21 | ||
| Education | 16.0 | 0.037 | ||||||||
| None | 23 | 3.2 | 19 | 4.7 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Primary | 153 | 21.4 | 111 | 27.6 | 1.03 | 0.68, 1.55 | 1.02 | 0.67, 1.56 | ||
| Secondary | 523 | 73.2 | 267 | 66.4 | 1.19 | 0.80, 1.76 | 1.12 | 0.74, 1.69 | ||
| Tertiary | 15 | 2.1 | 5 | 1.2 | 1.36 | 0.74, 2.50 | 1.23 | 0.66, 2.30 | ||
| CD4 count, cells/mm3b | 3.9 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 0–100 | 107 | 13.4 | 103 | 21.6 | 0.78 | 0.62, 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.68, 1.11 | ||
| 101–200 | 125 | 15.6 | 87 | 18.2 | 0.91 | 0.73, 1.13 | 0.92 | 0.73, 1.15 | ||
| 201–350 | 206 | 25.8 | 111 | 23.3 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| 351–500 | 174 | 21.8 | 94 | 19.7 | 1.00 | 0.82, 1.22 | 0.99 | 0.81, 1.21 | ||
| ≥501 | 187 | 23.4 | 82 | 17.2 | 1.07 | 0.88, 1.30 | 1.05 | 0.86, 1.29 | ||
| WHO clinical stageb | 0.8 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| I/II | 642 | 77.2 | 281 | 57.9 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| III | 114 | 13.7 | 119 | 24.5 | 0.71 | 0.58, 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.74, 1.13 | ||
| IV | 76 | 9.1 | 85 | 17.5 | 0.68 | 0.54, 0.86 | 0.93 | 0.70, 1.22 | ||
| Tuberculosisb,c | 0.0 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 808 | 96.3 | 449 | 91.8 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Yes | 31 | 3.7 | 40 | 8.2 | 0.68 | 0.47, 0.97 | 0.83 | 0.56, 1.21 | ||
| BMIb,d | 8.8 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| <18.5 | 34 | 4.6 | 38 | 8.1 | 0.85 | 0.61, 1.18 | 1.01 | 0.72, 1.43 | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 345 | 46.5 | 268 | 57.1 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| ≥25.0 | 363 | 48.9 | 163 | 34.8 | 1.20 | 1.04, 1.38 | 1.10 | 0.94, 1.28 | ||
| Hemoglobinb, g/dL | 24.1 | 0.063 | ||||||||
| ≤9 | 132 | 21.9 | 69 | 17.1 | 1.12 | 0.95, 1.32 | 1.13 | 0.95, 1.35 | ||
| ≥10 | 472 | 78.1 | 335 | 82.9 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| ALTb, U/L | 22.5 | 0.124 | ||||||||
| ≤42 | 561 | 89.8 | 350 | 86.6 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| ≥43 | 64 | 10.2 | 54 | 13.4 | 0.90 | 0.71, 1.13 | 0.99 | 0.78, 1.27 | ||
| Creatinineb, μmol/L | 17.5 | 0.113 | ||||||||
| ≤120 | 654 | 98.1 | 414 | 96.5 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| ≥121 | 13 | 1.9 | 15 | 3.5 | 0.78 | 0.47, 1.29 | 0.79 | 0.47, 1.33 | ||
| Telephone availability | 1.3 | 0.121 | ||||||||
| No | 70 | 8.5 | 54 | 11.1 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | ||
| Yes | 754 | 91.5 | 433 | 88.9 | 1.13 | 0.88, 1.44 | 1.03 | 0.80, 1.34 | ||
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine transaminase; ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PHC, primary health-care facility; RR, risk ratio; SHC, secondary health-care facility; TB, tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization.
a The HIV-diagnosis timing covariate describes whether HIV-positive diagnosis was established before or during the roll-out of the treat-all policy.
b Baseline clinical and laboratory data were obtained at the time of ART initiation and categorized into normal and pathological.
c A baseline TB case was any incident TB case from 6 months before to 1.5 months after ART initiation.
d BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)2.