Table 1.
The toxicity of zearalenone (ZEN) to poultry.
| Item | ZEN Concentration | Symptoms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Laying hens | 0.4 mg/kg | increased relative weight of oviduct and ovary, degeneration and atrophy of the ovarian tissues | Chen et al. (2017) |
| 0.4 mg/kg | increased activity of GSH-Px and T-SOD | Wu et al. (2016) | |
| 5 to 200 mg/kg | interfered with the secretion of sex hormones β-endorphin, LH, and progesterone. Renal edema and nephremia, increased content of urea and creatinine | Ling et al. (2019) | |
| 7.9 mg/kg | increased activity of GSH-Px and GGT, increased the levels of MDA | Gresakova et al. (2012) | |
| Broilers | 0.85 mg/kg | decreased the concentrations of triglyceride and globulin, increased ALT activities | Wang (2016) |
| 2 mg/kg | increased relative weight of liver, ALT and AST activities | Chen et al. (2019) | |
| 2 mg/kg | increased the levels of MDA, decreased the concentrations of SOD and GSH-Px | Zhu et al. (2016) | |
| 800 mg/kg | reduced weight of comb and testes | Allen et al. (1981) | |
| Turkey | 400 mg/kg | increased development of dewlaps and caruncles, and exhibited considerable strutting behavior | Allen et al. (1981) |
| Chicken lymphocytes | 0.1, 1 μg/mL | increased activity of acetyl cholinesterase, increased the levels of MDA | Lautert et al. (2014) |
| 5 μg/mL | increased ROS generation, induced ER stress, and triggered apoptosis | Xiao et al. (2019a) | |
| 1.6 to 25 μg/mL | pH, calmodulin concentrations of supernatants, and intracellular Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities decreased | Wang et al. (2012a) | |
| 6.25 and 25 μg/mL | IL-2 levels increased; IL-6 levels were critically suppressed | Wang et al. (2012b) |
GSH-Px = glutathione peroxidase; T-SOD = total superoxide dismutase; LH = luteinizing hormone; GGT = gamma glutamyl transferase; MDA = malondialdehyde; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = acute suppurative thyroiditis; SOD = superoxide dismutase; ROS = reactive oxygen species; ER = estrogen receptor; IL = interleukin.