Table 1.
Comparison of healthy controls and patients at baseline grouped according to remission status at 4-month follow-up
| Measure | Healthy controls (N = 56) | Remitted patients (N = 18) | Non-remitted patients (N = 19) | pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI)b | Mean (95% CI)b | Mean (95% CI)b | ||
| Age | 56.3 (53.1–59.5) | 57.5 (51.9–63.1) | 50.4 (45.3–55.4) | 0.11 |
| Sex, F:M | 34:22 | 14:4 | 9:10 | 0.16 |
| IQ | 111 (109–114) | 108 (103–114) | 107 (102–113) | 0.27 |
| Years in FT education | 14.6 (13.7–15.5) | 14.7 (12.7–16.6) | 14.0 (12.2–15.8) | 0.79 |
| MMSE | 29.8 (29.6–29.9) | 28.7 (27.8–29.6)** | 28.7 (27.9–29.6)** | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis, UP:BP depression | – | 17:1 | 15:4 | 0.17 |
| Lifetime depressive episodes | – | 5.9 (3.1–8.6) | 6.7 (2.5–10.9) | 0.72 |
| Depression episode duration, months, Median [IQR] | 7 [2 to 20] | 11 [6 to 22] | 0.11 | |
| MADRS | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) | 33.6 (29.6–37.6)*** | 35.5 (31.7–39.2)*** | <0.001 |
| MGH Treatment resistance, Median [IQR] | – | 3.5 [2.4–4.1] | 3.5 [2.5–5.0] | 0.44 |
| Previous ECT, Yes:No | – | 8:10 | 11:8 | 0.41 |
| Psychotropic medication, N | – | 0.71 | ||
| Any antidepressant | 18 | 18 | ||
| (SSRI/SNRI/TCA/other AD) | (5/11/1/6) | (7/7/2/6) | (0.67) | |
| Antipsychotic | 11 | 9 | ||
| Lithium | 4 | 4 | ||
| Antiepileptic drug | 1 | 3 | ||
| Hypnotic/anxiolytic | 5 | 9 | ||
| GSE-My Current global memory | 4.5 (4.3–4.8) | 3.7 (3.1–4.3)* | 3.6 (3.0–4.2)** | 0.001 |
| GSE-My Expectation of ECT on memory, Negative:Nil/Positive | – | 12:6 | 13:6 | 0.91 |
| HVLT-R Delayed recall | 8.9 (8.3–9.6) | 6.5 (4.7–8.4)** | 7.0 (5.8–8.2)* | 0.002 |
| MCGCFT Delayed recall | 25.2 (23.6–26.7) | 18.2 (14.6–21.8)*** | 20.3 (17.3–23.3)* | <0.001 |
| AMI-SF Baseline score | – | 42.8 (37.3–48.2) | 48.0 (44.4–51.6) | 0.10 |
| COWAT Letter fluency | 45.5 (42.4–48.7) | 36.7 (30.3–43.2)* | 35.7 (28.5–43.0)* | 0.004 |
| COWAT Category fluency | 23.3 (22.1–24.5) | 16.9 (14.3–19.5)*** | 17.1 (14.6–19.7)*** | <0.001 |
| Digit span backward | 4.9 (4.5–5.2) | 3.4 (3.0–3.9)*** | 3.7 (3.1–4.4)** | <0.001 |
AD, antidepressant drug; AMI-SF, Columbia Autobiographical Memory Interview-Short Form; BP, bipolar; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; ECT, electroconvulsive therapy; FT, full-time; GSE-My, Global Self Evaluation of Memory; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; IQ, intelligence quotient; IQR, interquartile range; MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MCGCFT, Medical College of Georgia Complex Figure Test; MGH, Massachusetts General Hospital; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SNRI, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant; UP, unipolar.
One-way analysis of variance/t test/χ2/Mann–Whitney U test as applicable.
Unless otherwise stated.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 v. healthy controls (Bonferroni corrected). No significant differences between patient groups.