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The main principles of Mendelian randomization: (a) the conceptual model indicating the three core assumptions, (b) an illustration of vertical pleiotropy, that which causal inference is based on in a Mendelian randomization analysis, versus horizontal pleiotropy, which biases a Mendelian randomization analysis, and (c) an illustration of the framework and methods of Mendelian randomization using individual-level data versus summary-level data.
