Table 2.
Associations of in utero GDM exposure (yes [n = 92] vs no [n = 500]) with metabolite factors at T1 (age 6–14 years) among 592 EPOCH participants
| Factor | Associations of GDM exposure with metabolite factors |
Variance (%)c | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (n = 592) | p | Model 2 (n = 592) | p | Model 3 (n = 577)a | p | Model 4 (n = 577)a | p | Model 5 (n = 433)b | p | ||
| β (95% CI) | |||||||||||
| Factor 1 | 1.16 (−0.92, 3.24) | 0.28 | 1.00 (−1.09, 3.09) | 0.35 | 1.01 (−1.14, 3.17) | 0.36 | 1.56 (−2.54, 5.66) | 0.46 | 1.26 (−1.13, 3.65) | 0.30 | 14.8 |
| Factor 2 | −0.43 (−1.26, 0.41) | 0.31 | −0.36 (−1.20, 0.47) | 0.40 | −0.36 (−1.23, 0.50) | 0.41 | −0.49 (−2.13, 1.16) | 0.56 | −0.31 (−1.24, 0.63) | 0.52 | 11.3 |
| Factor 3 | −0.53 (−1.46, 0.41) | 0.27 | −0.43 (−1.37, 0.50) | 0.37 | −0.41 (−1.37, 0.55) | 0.40 | −0.93 (−2.76, 0.91) | 0.32 | −0.62 (−1.70, 0.46) | 0.26 | 8.9 |
| Factor 4 | 0.20 (−0.12, 0.52) | 0.22 | 0.20 (−0.12, 0.53) | 0.22 | 0.28 (−0.06, 0.61) | 0.11 | 0.40 (−0.24, 1.03) | 0.22 | 0.23 (−0.15, 0.60) | 0.23 | 6.1 |
| Factor 5 | −0.74 (−2.32, 0.83) | 0.35 | −0.63 (−2.21, 0.95) | 0.30 | −0.63 (−2.25, 1.00) | 0.45 | −1.23 (−4.33, 1.87) | 0.44 | −0.96 (−2.79, 0.87) | 0.30 | 4.8 |
| Factor 6 | −1.37 (−4.14, 1.40) | 0.33 | −1.14 (3.92, 1.64) | 0.42 | −1.16 (−4.03, 1.70) | 0.43 | −2.20 (−7.66, 3.25) | 0.43 | −1.38 (−4.58, 1.82) | 0.40 | 4.1 |
| OR (95% CI) | |||||||||||
| Factor 1 | 1.36 (0.81, 2.29) | 0.24 | 1.35 (0.80, 2.27) | 0.26 | 1.41 (0.82, 2.40) | 0.21 | 1.59 (0.55, 4.61) | 0.39 | 1.32 (0.71, 2.48) | 0.38 | 14.8 |
| Factor 2 | 0.71 (0.40, 1.25) | 0.23 | 0.72 (0.40, 1.28) | 0.26 | 0.78 (0.43, 1.40) | 0.40 | 1.12 (0.37, 3.44) | 0.84 | 0.79 (0.41, 1.50) | 0.47 | 11.3 |
| Factor 3 | 0.69 (0.39, 1.23) | 0.21 | 0.72 (0.40, 1.29) | 0.27 | 0.78 (0.43, 1.41) | 0.40 | 0.55 (0.19, 1.60) | 0.27 | 0.57 (0.28, 1.14) | 0.11 | 8.9 |
| Factor 4 | 1.64 (0.98, 2.76) | 0.06 | 1.63 (0.97, 2.74) | 0.06 | 1.78 (1.04, 3.04) | 0.04* | 2.15 (0.73, 6.35) | 0.16 | 1.46 (0.80, 2.68) | 0.22 | 6.1 |
| Factor 5 | 0.77 (0.43, 1.35) | 0.35 | 0.78 (0.44, 1.38) | 0.39 | 0.82 (0.46, 1.47) | 0.51 | 1.13 (0.37, 3.42) | 0.83 | 0.80 (0.42, 1.54) | 0.51 | 4.8 |
| Factor 6 | 0.74 (0.42, 1.31) | 0.30 | 0.76 (0.43, 1.35) | 0.35 | 0.81 (0.45, 1.47) | 0.49 | 0.92 (0.30, 2.78) | 0.88 | 0.84 (0.44, 1.62) | 0.60 | 4.1 |
β (95% CI) values are given in relation to each continuous factor score; ORs (95% CI) of being in Q4 vs Q1–3 for each factor are shown
n = 15 participants excluded from the analyses due to missing values for covariates
n = 159 participants excluded from the analyses due to missing values for covariates
Percent variance accounted for by each factor with respect to the original metabolite dataset
Model 1: Adjusted for child’s age, sex and race/ethnicity
Model 2: Model 1 + mother’s smoking habits during pregnancy
Model 3: Model 2 + Tanner stage (based on pubic hair development in boys and breast development in girls), physical activity levels (mean METs/day over a 3-day period), and total energy intake (kJ/day)
Model 4: Model 3 + GDM treatment (diet and/or exercise only, diet and/or exercise with insulin or insulin only, or no treatment)
Model 5: Model 2 + pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
Significant at α = 0.05