Table 4.
Associations of in utero GDM exposure with Factor 4 metabolites at T1 (n = 592) and T2 (n = 403)
| Factor 4 metabolites | ICCa | Associations of GDM exposure with Factor 4 metabolites |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 |
T2 |
||||
| β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | ||
| Palmitoyl-arachidonoyl-glycerol (16:0/20:4) [tier 2]a | 0.23 | 0.09 (0.03, 0.15) | 0.002*† | 0.07 (0.01, 0.14) | 0.03* |
| 1-Stearoyl-GPE (18:0) | 0.38 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.16 | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.63 |
| 1-Palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:0/16:1)a | 0.21 | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.98 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | 0.32 |
| 1-Myristoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (14:0/20:4)a | 0.16 | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | 0.11 | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.10) | 0.17 |
| Palmitoleoyl-arachidonoyl-glycerol (16:1/20:4) [tier2]a | 0.31 | 0.08 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.02* | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.11) | 0.32 |
| 1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPI (16:0/20:4)a | 0.22 | 0.05 (0.00, 0.09) | 0.04* | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.09) | 0.17 |
| 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-GPE (16:0/18:1) | 0.20 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | 0.24 | 0.03 (−0.03,0.10) | 0.31 |
| 1-Palmitoyl-GPE (16:0) | 0.38 | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.04) | 0.90 | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.86 |
| Oleoyl-arachidonoyl-glycerol (18:1/20:4) [tier 1]a | 0.33 | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) | 0.02* | 0.06(0.02, 0.11) | 0.009* |
| Oleoyl-arachidonoyl-glycerol (18:1/20:4) [tier 2]a | 0.35 | 0.04 (0.00, 0.09) | 0.07 | 0.05 (0.00, 0.10) | 0.05* |
| Palmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (16:0/18:1) [tier2]a | 0.17 | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | 0.01* | 0.10 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.005* |
| Palmitoleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (16:1/18:2) [tier 1]a | 0.28 | 0.08 (0.03, 0.14) | 0.003* | 0.07 (0.00, 0.14) | 0.04* |
| Diacylglycerol (16:1/18:2 [tier 2], 16:0/18:3 [tier 1])a | 0.29 | 0.07 (0.01, 0.12) | 0.03* | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | 0.24 |
| 1-Myristoyl-2-palmitoyl-GPC (14:0/16:0) | 0.18 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | 0.38 | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.08) | 0.59 |
| Palmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (16:0/18:1) [tier 1]a | 0.16 | 0.07 (0.02, 0.13) | 0.01* | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.008* |
| 1-Palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:1)a | 0.21 | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.58 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.17 |
| 1-Palmitoyl-GPC (16:0) | 0.08 | 0.01 (−0.01,0.02) | 0.32 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.73 |
| 1-Stearoyl-2-oleoyl-GPC (18:0/18:1) | 0.21 | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.95 | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | 0.85 |
| 1-Stearoyl-2-oleoyl-GPE (18:0/18:1) | 0.18 | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | 0.15 | 0.03 (−0.03,0.10) | 0.28 |
| 1-Linolenoyl-GPC (18:3)a | 0.09 | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.90 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.73 |
| 1-Palmitoyl-GPG (16:0)b | 0.15 | 0.03 (−0.01,0.07) | 0.16 | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.87 |
Metabolite concentrations were log10-transformed prior to use in the regression models that generated the estimates displayed in the table. β estimates are adjusted for maternal smoking habits during pregnancy, and child’s age at research visit, sex and race/ethnicity
ICC for each metabolite across T1 and T2
Tier 2 identification (denoted by [2]) in which no commercially available authentic standards could be found, but annotated based on accurate mass, spectral and chromatographic similarity to tier 1-identified compounds (denoted by [1])
Significant at α = 0.05;
Significant after Bonferroni correction (α < 0.05/21 = 0.002 at each time point)
GPG, glycerophosphoglycerol; GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol