FIG. 3.

661W mitochondrial respiration is preserved by protective agents. The OCR and ECAR of 661W cells were measured with an XF96 Seahorse Biosciences instrument. The media is DMEM with 5.5 mM glucose; and the rates have been normalized to milligram of protein. After measuring several basal rates, the cells were treated with FCCP (1 μM) to determine maximal respiratory capacity. Shown are the average rates ± SEM and individual data points. Vehicle control rates were set to 100%, IBMX as a stressor reduced the relative FCCP uncoupled OCR by ∼50%. All compounds significantly increased maximal respiratory capacity. Statistical significance (IBMX vs. drug, ^#P < 0.05 and control vs. drug, *P < 0.05) is indicated. DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; ECAR, extracellular acidification rates; FCCP, carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; IBMX, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine; OCR, O₂ consumption rates; SEM, standard error of the mean.