. 2021 Jul 29;3(1):20210026. doi: 10.1259/bjro.20210026

Table 2.

Main causes of non-CF bronchiectasis and associated CT features

Causes	Type of bronchiectasis	Distribution	Associated and/or distinctive features
Congenital
Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome⁷⁷	NA (Trachea and main bronchi)	Central lung regions	Bronchial diverticulosis, tracheal diverticula
Williams-Campbell Syndrome⁷⁸	Varicose, cystic	Sub segmental bronchi (fourth to sixth generations)	Collapsed bronchi and distal air-trapping on expiratory CT
α 1-Antitrypsin deficiency⁷⁹	Cylindric, cystic	Mainly lower lobe	Panlobular emphysema
Immunologic
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis¹⁶	Cylindric, varicose	Segmental and subsegmental bronchi of central-upper lungs regions	Mucous plugging (“finger-in-glove” sign)
Infectious or inflammatory
Bacterial, mycobacterial, viral	Various	Various	Depend on pathogens
Swyer-James Syndrome⁸⁰	Cylindric	Non-specific	Hyperlucent lobe or lung and air-trapping
Chronic aspiration⁸⁰	Cylindric	Basal lung regions	Bronchial wall thickening, tree-in-bud consolidations
Defective mucous transport
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia⁸¹	Varicose, cylindric	Middle and lower lobes	Situs inversus
Young’s Syndrome⁸²	Cystic	Little evidence	Little evidence
Primary immunodeficiency⁸³	Mainly cylindric	Upper and mid lung regions	Non-specific
Airways obstruction
Endobronchial malignancies⁷⁵	Various	Focal	Various
Broncholithiasis⁸⁰	Cylindric, varicose	Focal, more often middle lobe	Calcified lymph nodes
Extrinsic compression⁷⁵	Various	Focal	Various
Idiopathic	Various	Basal lung regions²⁰	Various