Table 4.
Association Between Baseline Vitamin D Levels and Clearance of Human Papillomavirus Infection at Follow-up
| Exposure Definition for Vitamin D Levels | Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any HPV | Subgenus 1a | Subgenus 2a | Subgenus 3a | |||||
| Crude | Adjustedb | Crude | Adjustedb | Crude | Adjustedb | Crude | Adjustedb | |
| Continuousc (n = 280) |
0.83 (.68–1.02) | 0.76 (.60–.96) | 0.82 (.65–1.03) | 0.70 (.54–.92) | 0.94 (.79–1.11) | 0.94 (.77–1.15) | 1.06 (.89–1.27) | 1.11 (.90–1.36) |
| Dichotomousd |
||||||||
| Sufficient (n = 63) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Insufficient (n = 217) | 1.72 (.88–3.39) | 2.14 (.99–4.64) | 1.29 (.69–2.40) | 1.78 (.85–3.76) | 1.34 (.75–2.41) | 1.32 (.70–2.50) | 0.64 (.37–1.08) | 0.58 (.30–1.12) |
| Clinically defined categoriese |
||||||||
| Sufficiency (n = 63) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Insufficiency (n = 64) |
1.33 (.58–3.09) | 1.56 (.62–3.93) | 1.10 (.49–2.44) | 1.38 (.53–3.59) | 1.32 (.65–2.72) | 1.17 (.55–2.52) | 0.50 (.23–1.06) | 0.55 (.24–1.31) |
| Deficiency (n = 82) | 1.72 (.79–3.73) | 2.29 (.96–5.50) | 0.90 (.41–1.98) | 0.93 (.34–2.47) | 1.42 (.72–2.82) | 1.65 (.78–3.49) | 0.63 (.31–1.26) | 0.57 (.25–1.32) |
| Severe deficiency (n = 71) | 2.07 (.97–4.39) | 2.90 (1.20–7.05) | 2.00 (.99–4.00) | 4.01 (1.68–9.92) | 1.29 (.65–2.54) | 1.17 (.53–2.55) | 0.78 (.40–1.49) | 0.61 (.27–1.38) |
aSubgenus 1 group includes HPV types 6, 11, 40, 42, 44, and 54; subgenus 2, types 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, and 82; and subgenus 3, types 61, 62, 71, 72, 81, 83, 84, and 89.
bModels were adjusted for age, ethnicity, smoking, age at first sexual intercourse, age at menarche, number of lifetime sex partners, any history of pregnancy, condom use, and season of blood sample collection.
cPer 10-unit increase in levels of vitamin D.
dDichotomized into ≥30 ng/mL (sufficient) and <30 ng/mL (insufficient).
eClinical values were defined as follows: sufficiency, ≥30 ng/mL; insufficiency, 20–29 ng/mL; deficiency, 12–19 ng/mL; and severe deficiency, <12 ng/mL.