Table 1.
Cohort clinical characteristics.
| General Population | IBD* | SI | Wilcoxon test p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average [%] or Count [SD] | NA [n] | Average [%] or Count [SD] | NA [n] | Average [%] or Count [SD] | NA [n] | General Population vs SI | IBD* vs SI | |
| Number of samples [n] | 1178 | - | 478 | - | 57 | - | - | - |
| Sequencing read depth [SD] | 32919455 [12276237] | 0 | 25031114 [10203888] | 3 | 22828376 [10140543] | 0 | 1.33E-09 | 0.138995323 |
| Sex [female/male] | 689/489 [58/42%] | 0 | 285/193 [60/40%] | 0 | 42/15 [74/26%] | 0 | 0.022680447 | 0.039735647 |
| Age at faecal sampling [SD] | 45 [13.6] | 0 | 42.9 [12.8] | 0 | 45.2 [10.9] | 0 | 0.968143509 | 0.131811149 |
| Body mass index [SD] | 25.3 [4.2] | 0 | 25.4 [5.0] | 6 | 26.4 [6.85] | 1 | 0.650352121 | 0.630972528 |
| Faecal calprotectin level over 200 mg/kg [n/y] | 1124/48 [96/4%] | 6 | 238/185 [56/44%] | 55 | 32/10 [76/24%] | 15 | 4.03E-09 | 0.012657476 |
| C-reactive protein levels in mg/L divided by 5 [SD] | NA | 1178 | 1.7 [1.9] | 2 | 1.75 [2.13] | 0 | NA | 0.695116431 |
| Current IBD diagnosis [CD/ IBDU/UC] | NA | 0 | 274/29/175 [57/6/37%] | 0 | 23/1/33 [40/2/58%] | 0 | NA | 0.005233266 |
| Disease duration of IBD in years [SD] | NA | 1178 | 11.8 [8.8] | 8 | 16.6 [10.4] | 0 | NA | 0.000410007 |
| IBD disease activity [active/ not active] | NA | 1178 | 114/358 [24/76%] | 6 | 5/52 [9/91%] | 0 | NA | 0.008679626 |
| Disease location of IBD [both/ colon/ ileum] | NA | 1178 | 111/221/97 [26/51/23%] | 49 | 14/36/2 [27/69/4%] | 5 | NA | 0.05559574 |
| Ever had a stoma or ileoanal pouch [n/y] | NA | 1178 | 446/32 [93/7%] | 0 | 0/57 [0/100%] | 0 | NA | 2.27E-71 |
| Previous intestinal resections in IBD [n/y] | NA | 1178 | 309/169 [65/35%] | 0 | 0/57 [0/100%] | 0 | NA | 1.05E-20 |
| Number of intestinal resections in IBD [SD] | NA | 1178 | 0.82 [1.6] | 0 | 2.53 [2.28] | 2 | NA | 1.1E-18 |
| Ileocecal valve in situ [n/y] | NA | 1178 | 123/351 [26/74%] | 4 | 52/3 [95/5%] | 2 | NA | 1.53E-24 |
| Total stools formed per 24hrs [SD] | 1.4 [0.7] | 47 | 2.65 [2.34] | 0 | 2.56 [3.77] | 0 | 0.001870973 | 0.000157164 |
| Steroid use [n/y] [%] | NA | 1178 | 379/82 [82/18%] | 17 | 46/6 [88/12%] | 5 | NA | 0.257620812 |
| Immunosuppressants use [n/y] [%] | NA | 1178 | 256/205 [56/44%] | 17 | 37/15 [71/29%] | 5 | NA | 0.031106634 |
| Anti-TNFα use [n/y] | NA | 1178 | 357/121 [75/25%] | 0 | 50/7 [88/12%] | 0 | NA | 0.029402356 |
| Thiopurines use [n/y] | NA | 1178 | 319/159 [67/33%] | 0 | 51/6 [89/11%] | 0 | NA | 0.000447962 |
| Antidiarrhoea use [n/y] | NA | 1178 | 412/49 [89/11%] | 17 | 49/3 [94/6%] | 5 | NA | 0.271482266 |
| Bile acids use [n/y] | NA | 1178 | 437/24 [95/5%] | 17 | 49/3 [94/6%] | 5 | NA | 0.863254283 |
| ACE-inhibitor use [n/y] | 1091/44 [96/4%] | 43 | 455/23 [95/5%] | 0 | 56/1 [98/2%] | 0 | 0.412227688 | 0.292318977 |
| Angiotensin II receptor antagonist use [n/y] | 1101/34 [97/3%] | 43 | 467/11 [98/2%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.825236536 | 0.576077019 |
| Antihistamine use [n/y] | 1066/69 [94/6%] | 43 | 461/17 [96/4%] | 0 | 53/4 [93/7%] | 0 | 0.773224751 | 0.203838823 |
| Antibiotics use [n/y] | 1165/13 [99/1%] | 0 | 467/11 [98/2%] | 0 | 54/3 [95/5%] | 0 | 0.006704643 | 0.185885969 |
| Benzodiazepine derivatives use [n/y] | 1107/28 [98/2%] | 43 | 459/19 [96/4%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.62427707 | 0.864119807 |
| Beta-blockers use [n/y] | 1115/63 [95/5%] | 0 | 443/35 [93/7%] | 0 | 49/8 [86/14%] | 0 | 0.00594789 | 0.0783367 |
| Beta-sympathomimetic inhaler use [n/y] | 1070/65 [94/6%] | 43 | 463/15 [97/3%] | 0 | 54/3 [95/5%] | 0 | 0.882948381 | 0.400759801 |
| Bisphosphonates use [n/y] | 1125/10 [99/1%] | 43 | 464/14 [97/3%] | 0 | 53/4 [93/7%] | 0 | 0.0000274 | 0.105948295 |
| Calcium channel blocker use [n/y] | 1114/21 [98/2%] | 43 | 470/8 [98/2%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.374611026 | 0.334008032 |
| Calcium use [n/y] | 1164/14 [99/1%] | 0 | 395/83 [83/17%] | 0 | 47/10 [82/18%] | 0 | 2.49E-18 | 0.973008941 |
| Iron preparations use [n/y] | 1171/7 [99/1%] | 0 | 460/18 [96/4%] | 0 | 51/6 [89/11%] | 0 | 7.34E-13 | 0.019880859 |
| Folic acid use [n/y] | 1171/7 [99/1%] | 0 | 444/34 [93/7%] | 0 | 53/4 [93/7%] | 0 | 0.000000468 | 0.978869397 |
| Laxatives use [n/y] | 1114/21 [99/1%] | 43 | 447/31 [94/6%] | 0 | 53/4 [93/7%] | 0 | 0.007918352 | 0.878043045 |
| Mesalazines use [n/y] | 1129/6 [99/1%] | 43 | 310/168 [65/35%] | 0 | 52/5 [91/9%] | 0 | 2.17E-10 | 0.0000582 |
| Metformin use [n/y] | 1162/16 [99/1%] | 0 | 472/6 [99/1%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.185963733 | 0.185554342 |
| NSAID use [n/y] | 1093/42 [96/4%] | 43 | 448/30 [94/6%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.940326774 | 0.40539998 |
| Opiates use [n/y] | 1122/13 [99/1%] | 43 | 473/5 [99/1%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.118446382 | 0.122305559 |
| Oral contraceptive use [n/y] | 1019/116 [90/10%] | 43 | 420/58 [88/12%] | 0 | 56/1 [98/2%] | 0 | 0.036135809 | 0.018152845 |
| Oral steroid use [n/y] | 1173/5 [99/1%] | 0 | 384/94 [80/20%] | 0 | 47/10 [82/18%] | 0 | 1.05E-30 | 0.702312302 |
| Antidepressants use [n/y] | 1125/10 [99/1%] | 43 | 457/21 [96/4%] | 0 | 53/4 [93/7%] | 0 | 0.0000274 | 0.375357542 |
| Paracetamol use [n/y] | 1166/12 [99/1%] | 0 | 434/44 [91/9%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.082979844 | 0.14742216 |
| Platelet aggregation inhibitor use [n/y] | 1101/34 [97/3%] | 43 | 451/27 [94/6%] | 0 | 53/4 [93/7%] | 0 | 0.091814089 | 0.676119002 |
| Proton pump inhibitor use [n/y] | 1079/99 [92/8%] | 0 | 366/112 [77/23%] | 0 | 37/20 [65/35%] | 0 | 2.64E-11 | 0.053880957 |
| SSRI-antidepressant use [n/y] | 1106/29 [97/3%] | 43 | 469/9 [98/2%] | 0 | 57/0 [100/0%] | 0 | 0.221991439 | 0.29657215 |
| Statin use [n/y] | 1079/56 [95/5%] | 43 | 447/31 [94/6%] | 0 | 54/3 [95/5%] | 0 | 0.910998854 | 0.720945956 |
| Steroid inhaler use [n/y] | 1078/57 [95/5%] | 43 | 459/19 [96/4%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.607418172 | 0.864119807 |
| Steroid nose spray [n/y] | 1079/56 [95/5%] | 43 | 473/5 [99/1%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.625700166 | 0.122305559 |
| Thiazide diuretic use [n/y] | 1092/43 [96/4%] | 43 | 466/12 [97/3%] | 0 | 56/1 [98/2%] | 0 | 0.426920135 | 0.726271253 |
| Levothyroxine use [n/y] | 1109/26 [98/2%] | 43 | 468/10 [98/2%] | 0 | 55/2 [96/4%] | 0 | 0.553695825 | 0.495158799 |
| Tricyclic antidepressant use [n/y] | 1124/11 [99/1%] | 43 | 467/11 [98/2%] | 0 | 57/0 [100/0%] | 0 | 0.455430863 | 0.247608241 |
| Triptans use [n/y] | 1115/20 [98/2%] | 43 | 473/5 [99/1%] | 0 | 57/0 [100/0%] | 0 | 0.312355796 | 0.438298036 |
| VitaminB12 use [n/y] | 1168/10 [99/1%] | 0 | 387/91 [81/19%] | 0 | 44/13 [77/23%] | 0 | 5.01E-33 | 0.497073848 |
| Vitamin D use [n/y] | 1164/14 [99/1%] | 0 | 403/75 [84/16%] | 0 | 44/13 [77/23%] | 0 | 1.2E-27 | 0.171099283 |
Bold values indicate p-value < 0.05.
*IBD = IBD-NoRes + IBD-Res.