Table 2.

Recommendations: Host diagnostics and host-directed therapy

Improve our understanding of the timing and dynamic immunological responses to pneumonia.

Improve our measurements of local lung responses and systemic responses to pneumonia to identify applicable host-derived biomarkers to aid with diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia.

Incorporate pathogen information with host information to inform management of pneumonia.

Differentiate clinically relevant phenotypes of pneumonia pathophysiology based on host responses.

Investigate improved measurements of host factors in clinical practice.

Investigate the full spectrum of host responses from asymptomatic to symptomatic to severe disease to recovery after pneumonia.

Investigate not only ways to augment host response in clearing pathogen but also ways to limit consequent damage and augment tissue repair to homeostasis.