Table 2.

The general clinical application of MSCs.

Systems	Disease	Effect	Mechanism	Reference
Respiratory system	Bronchopulmonary dysplasia; non-small cell lung cancer; ARDS; asthma inflammation; diabetic lung fibrosis	Improve lung function; reduce pulmonary fibrosis; relieve pulmonary hypertension	Increase the “M2” macrophages; mitochondrial transfer; adjusting Sirt3-mediated responses; exosomal transfer of miR-144	[70, 86–89]
Digestive system	IBD; intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)	Suppression of inflammatory responses; improve I/R-induced intestinal damage; improve gut barrier function	IL-10; macrophage polarization; TSG-6 through hyaluronan-CD44 interactions in an Akt-dependent manner; promote Claudin-3, Claudin-2, and ZO-1 expression; NLRP3-related signaling pathways	[90–94]
Endocrine system	Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)	Reduce blood glucose levels; reverse insulin resistance	Inhibition of STZ-induced β-cell apoptosis; activation of autophagy via the AMPK pathway; blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[95–97]
Immune system	Rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); allergic asthma	Reduce joint destruction; improve the immune system	Restore the balance between memory T cells populations; miRNA-150-5p; release TGF-β1 to generate CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T-reg cells; expand IL-10 producing lung interstitial macrophages	[98–102]
Nervous system	Stroke; neuroinflammation	Improve neurological impairment and long-term neuroprotection; attenuate neuroinflammation	Inhibiting STAT3-dependent autophagy; microRNA cluster miR-17-92	[103–107]