Table 3.

The different treatment options in CRC.

Therapeutic method	Effects	Reference
Surgery	The cornerstone of CRC treatment	[120]
Chemotherapy	Prolongs survival and improves symptoms and quality of life	[121]
Radiotherapy	Achieves local control and improves long-term prognosis	[122]
Targeted therapy	Reduces potential liver metastasis associated with CRC (antiviral therapy)	[123]
Immunotherapy	Achieves long-term durable remission in patients	[124, 125]
Probiotics	Enhance the immune barrier, regulate the intestinal immune state, inhibit pathogenic enzyme activity, regulate CRC cell proliferation and apoptosis, regulate redox homeostasis, and reprogram intestinal microbial composition	[126]
Prebiotics	Stimulate the growth and/or activity of specific bacteria in the gut, improve host health, possess prebiotic potential, modulate gut microbiota composition, a product of fermentation metabolites, antiadhesive properties against pathogens, and alter the gene expression profile	[127]
Postbiotics	Modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and the functionality of the immune system, promote the CRC treatment effectiveness, and reduces its side effects in CRC patients	[128]
Antibiotics	Improve the treatment efficacy of oxaliplatin-based therapy and reduce cancer severity through controlling F. nucleatum	[129, 130]
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Prolong survival time	[131]
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)	Restores the sensitivity of patients to anticancer drugs and enhances the immune response	[132]