Table 1.
The characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Country | Participant | Sample size | Intervention | Relevant outcomes | Mean age (years) | BMI | Duration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trial group | Control group | Trial group | Control group | Trial group | Control group | Trial group | Control group | |||||
| Lambert et al. [25] | Denmark | Postmenopausal osteopenic women | 38 | 40 | Red clover extract (RCE) (rich in isoflavone aglycones and probiotics) | Placebo [made by 90 L of water mixed with 250 g brown food coloring (ammoniated caramel) (Kavli)] | BMD, CTX, OPG, RANKL, OC, adverse events | 60.84 ± 1.07 | 62.85 ± 0.99 | 24.84 ± 0.62 | 26.65 ± 0.81 | 12 months |
|
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| Jafarnejad et al. [26] | Iran | Postmenopausal osteopenic women | 20 | 21 | Multispecies probiotic supplement (GeriLact capsule) | Placebo | BMD, CTX, RANKL, OPG, OC | 58.85 ± 0.68 | 57.29 ± 0.72 | 24.86 ± 0.41 | 23.82 ± 0.38 | 6 months |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Takimoto et al. [27] | Japan | Healthy postmenopausal women | 31 | 30 | Probiotic Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (C-3102) | Placebo | BMD, adverse events | 57.5 ± 4.3 | 57.8 ± 5.4 | 22.2 ± 3.3 | 22.1 ± 2.7 | 6 months |
|
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| Nilsson et al. [28, 29] | Sweden | Postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density | 45 | 45 | Freeze-dried L. reuteri 6475 (BioGaia AB, Stockholm, Sweden) | Placebo (maltodextrin powder) | BMD, adverse events | 76.4 ± 1.0 | 76.3 ± 1.1 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 25.3 ± 3.3 | 12 months |
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| Jansson et al. [30] | Sweden | Healthy postmenopausal women | 126 | 123 | Three lactobacillus strains (L. paracasei 8700 : 2 (DSM 13434), L. plantarum heal 9 (DSM 15312), and L. plantarum heal 19 (DSM 15313)) | Placebo | BMD, adverse events | 59.1 ± 3.8 | 58.1 ± 4.3 | 24.2 ± 2.7 | 23.9 ± 2.6 | 12 months |
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| Li et al. [31] | China | Postmenopausal osteopenic women | 73 | 73 | Bifidobacterium quadruple viable bacteria tablets 0.5 g Tid + oral alendronate sodium 10 mg Qd + subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of salmon calcitonin 50 IU Qd. | Oral alendronate sodium 10 mg Qd + subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of salmon calcitonin 50 IU Qd. | BMD, CTX, OC, adverse events | 68.15 ± 22.36 | 69.82 ± 21.47 | 26.31 ± 8.36 | 24.85 ± 7.40 | 6 months |
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| Wang et al. [32] | China | Senile osteoporosis | 75 | 75 | Bifidobacterium triple live bacteria capsules 840 mg Bid + conventional therapy | Conventional therapy | BMD | 71.52 ± 5.46 | 71.68 ± 5.41 | — | — | 2 months |
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| Guo [33] | China | Postmenopausal osteopenic women | 30 | 24 | Dry Probio-M8 lactic acid bacteria | Placebo | BMD, CTX, OC | 61.91 ± 6.37 | 6.34 ± 5.71 | 23.59 ± 3.43 | 23.86 ± 3.19 | 6 months |
|
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| Liu [34] | China | Diabetic osteoporosis | 42 | 45 | Bifidobacterium triple viable enteric-coated capsules + conventional therapy | Conventional therapy | BMD, OC | 70.5 ± 6.8 | 69.8 ± 6.4 | — | — | 6 months |
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| Song et al. [35] | China | Diabetic osteoporosis | 100 | 100 | Quadruple bifidobacterium live bacteria tablets + conventional therapy | Conventional therapy | BMD, CTX, OC | 68.20 ± 12.78 | 69.76 ± 12.09 | 25.21 ± 2.55 | 26.90 ± 2.39 | 12 months |