Figure 1.

Inflammation induces Müller glia and NPC proliferation to regenerate the retina upon different damage models.

Summary diagram of retinal regeneration upon different injury models. Following injury, the Müller glia dedifferentiated to a stem-like state and proliferated to produce NPC, which amplified the number of daughter cells, then these cells differentiated into the retinal neuronal loss to regenerate the retina. Depending on the type of injury only microglia are responding to damage, or microglia and the leukocyte recruited from blood circulation. Inhibiting the inflammation or depleting macrophages reduces the proliferation of Müller glia. How the immune cells and Müller glia signaling between them remains unclear. IL-11: Interleukin 11; Mmp9: matrix metalloproteinase 9; NPC: neuronal progenitor cells; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.