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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Psychophysiol. 2021 Jun 15;167:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.004

Table 3.

Group Differences in CAR and AUCG

CAR “Blunted” (n=29) “Normal” (n=29) p-value Cohen’s d
BPI Severity 3.32 ± 1.94 2.75 ± 1.96 .270 0.29
BPI Interference 3.23 ± 2.09 3.86 ± 2.51 .449 0.27
PCS 12.65 ± 8.80 12.63 ± 11.83 .597 0.001
Anxiety (PROMIS) 15.46 ± 5.08 12.61 ± 4.86 .028 0.57
Depression (PROMIS) 12.89 ± 4.65 11.04 ± 3.87 .128 0.43
Sleep Quality (PSQI) 1.00 ± .89 .97 ± .91 .851 0.03
Pain Threshold 591.77 ± 204.97 714.12 ± 231.21 .036 0.56
 
AUCG “Reduced” (n=31) “Normal” (n=29) p-value Cohen’s d
BPI Severity 3.39 ± 2.06 2.56 ± 1.75 .136 0.43
BPI Interference 4.09 ± 2.28 2.98 ± 2.19 .048 0.50
PCS 13.02 ± 9.47 11.70 ± 11.21 .402 0.13
Anxiety (PROMIS) 15.13 ± 5.16 12.50 ± 4.84 .049 0.53
Depression (PROMIS) 11.77 ± 3.80 11.89 ± 4.90 .806 0.03
Sleep Quality (PSQI) 1.17 ± .96 .82 ± .82 .183 0.39
Pain Threshold 601.04 ± 205.89 702.61 ± 236.41 .075 0.46

Note: BPI: Brief Pain Inventory; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing; PROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (T-Score); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CAR: Cortisol Awakening Response; AUCG: Area under the curve with respect to ground, Total post-awakening cortisol levels; “Blunted”, “Reduced” and “Normal” are relative and refer to this particular patient sample.