Table 1.
Demographics, social stressors, and resilience factors over time, complete case data.
|
Baseline (n = 79) n, % or mean (sd, range) |
Follow-up (n = 39) n, % or mean (sd, range) |
Missing data baseline/follow-up |
p-value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child demographics | ||||
| Age in years | 8.67 (2.13, 5–13) | 10.5 (2.10, 6–15) | 1/2 | <0.001 |
| Gender (female) | 44 (56.4%) | 17 (47.2%) | 1/1 | – |
| Country of birth | 0/2 | – | ||
| United States | 57 (72.2%) | 27 (73.0%) | ||
| Other | 22 (27.8%) | 10 (27.0%) | ||
| Mother demographics | ||||
| Age in years | 34.61 (5.95, 23–52) | 37.45 (4.84, 29–47) | 3/0 | <0.001 |
| Country of birth | 3/1 | – | ||
| Mexico | 66 (86.8%) | 35 (92.1%) | ||
| Other Latinx country | 10 (13.2%) | 3 (7.9%) | ||
| Years in US | 12.59 (3.97, 4–27) | 14.98 (3.46, 6.67–22.42) | 4/2 | <0.001 |
| Legal status | 4/3 | <0.001 | ||
| Undocumented | 64 (85.3%) | 33 (91.7%) | ||
| Documented | 11 (14.7%) | 3 (8.3%) | ||
| Marital status | 3/1 | 0.041 | ||
| Married | 65 (85.5%) | 29 (76.3%) | ||
| Single | 11 (14.5%) | 9 (23.7%) | ||
| Years of education | 9.39 (3.18, 2–18) | 9.57 (3.24, 2–16) | 3/1 | – |
| Trouble paying basic bills (yes) | 30 (39.5%) | 10 (27.0%) | 3/2 | 0.228 |
| Smoking frequency | 2 (2.6%) | 3 (7.9%) | 3/1 | 0.617 |
| Child psychosocial stressors | ||||
| Total child stress (0–2) | 0.56 (0.26, 0.13–1.31) | 0.43 (0.15, 0.12–0.75) | 4/5 | 0.196 |
| Immigrant stress score (0–2) | 0.85 (0.38, 0–1.75) | 0.99 (0.38, 0.2–1.8) | 2/3 | 0.009 |
| Discrimination stress (0–2) | 0.27 (0.37, 0–2) | 0.21 (0.31, 0–1.4) | 2/3 | 0.482 |
| School-related stress (0–2) | 0.51 (0.32, 0–1.43) | 0.55 (0.28, 0–1.43) | 3/4 | 0.126 |
| Fear of parent's deportation | 2/3 | 0.085 | ||
| Never | 27 (35.0%) | 8 (22.2%) | ||
| Sometimes | 31 (40.3%) | 19 (52.8%) | ||
| Always | 19 (24.7%) | 9 (25%) | ||
| Child resilience factors | ||||
| Social support parents (0–2) | 1.41 (0.41, 0.5–2.0) | 1.53 (0.34, 0.6–2.0) | 2/3 | 0.002 |
| Optimism (YLOT; 12–48) | – | 32.83 (7.08, 20–46) | 39/3 | – |
| Mother report of psychosocial stressors | ||||
| Total maternal stress (0–1) | 0.30 (0.17, 0.02–0.78) | 0.25 (0.12, 0.02–0.53) | 8/5 | 0.019 |
| Immigrant stress score (0–1) | 0.46 (0.23, 0–0.9) | 0.42 (0.21, 0–0.8) | 8/1 | 0.002 |
| Discrimination score (0–1) | 0.43 (0.25, 0–1.0) | 0.36 (0.24, 0–0.86) | 6/2 | 0.053 |
| Household stress (0–1) | 0.21 (0.21, 0.0–0.8) | 0.23 (0.20, 0.0–0.8) | 5/1 | 0.610 |
| Family economic stress (0–1) | 0.24 (0.24, 0.0–1.0) | 0.17 (0.17, 0.0–0.63) | 6/4 | 0.059 |
| Health stress (0–1) | 0.32 (0.26, 0.0–1.0) | 0.27 (0.22, 0.0–1.0) | 3/2 | 0.224 |
| Mother resilience variables | ||||
| Subjective social status (1–10) | 4.07 (1.88, 1–9) | 4.32 (1.56, 1–8) | 3/1 | 0.075 |
| Social support and connection (1–4) | 2.48 (0.58, 0.25–3.40) | 2.19 (0.56, 1.0–3.40) | 3/1 | 0.019 |
| Optimism (0–24) | 17.12 (3.05, 12–24) | 13.66 (2.30, 8–18) | 5/1 | <0.001 |
†
P-value based on paired t-tests for continuous variables, and McNemar (paired Chi Square) test for categorical variables. Comparisons were calculated only on the 36 individuals in both time points. Bolded values represent significant associations. Italicized values represent marginal associations. Values in parentheses following psychosocial stressors and resilience factors represent the potential range of each measure.