Table 1.
Participant characteristics and mean scores of the various literacy and cognitive tasks for typical reading children (TR) and children with dyslexia (DR). Standard deviations in ()
| TR | DR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | p | r† | |
| Chronological age | 10.11 (0.11) | 10.6 (0.10) | 0.039 | 0.269 |
| Sex (M/F) | 13/16 | 13/17 | ||
| Non-verbal IQ‡ | 113.10 (14.11) | 107.33 (15.30) | 0.137 | 0.196 |
| Language | 31.62 (4.04) | 28.77 (3.89) | 0.008 | 0.344 |
| Literacy | ||||
| Word reading (# correct/min) | 77.10 (11.98) | 44.63 (8.68) | < 0.001 | 0.857 |
| Pseudo-word reading (# correct/2 min) | 75.76 (17.80) | 36.73 (9.59) | < 0.001 | 0.848 |
| Spelling (# correct) | 24.31 (2.89) | 14.79 (4.55) | < 0.001 | 0.810 |
| Phoneme deletion (# correct) | 22.00 (2.00) | 20.00 (3.00) | 0.001 | 0.420 |
| RAN (# correct/s) | ||||
| Objects | 1.37 (0.28) | 1.06 (0.28) | < 0.001 | 0.489 |
| Colors | 1.45 (0.29) | 1.12 (0.23) | < 0.001 | 0.543 |
| Digits | 2.25 (0.54) | 1.68 (0.35) | < 0.001 | 0.567 |
| Letters | 2.23 (0.58) | 1.62 (0.34) | < 0.001 | 0.591 |
| Digit span (# correct) | ||||
| Forward | 7.90 (1.37) | 7.30 (1.29) | 0.091 | 0.223 |
| Backward | 5.00 (2.00) | 4.00 (1.00) | 0.006 | 0.361 |
Chronological age is expressed in years.months. For phoneme deletion and digit span backward (i.e., non-normally distributed data), the median and interquartile ranges are presented and group comparisons were carried out using Mann-Whitney U-tests instead of Welch’s t-tests
Effect sizes based on non-parametric statistics were calculated using:
†Effect sizes (Pearson’s r) were calculated using:
‡Standardized IQ test (M = 100, SD = 15)