Table 5.
Participant characteristics and mean scores of the various literacy and cognitive tasks for typical reading children (TR−), children with dyslexia with more than 6 months of speech therapy (DR+) and children with dyslexia with less than 6 months of speech therapy (DR−). Standard deviations are shown in parentheses
| M (SD) | r† | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TR− | DR+ | DR− | TR−-DR+ | TR−-DR− | DR+-DR− | |||||||
| Chronological age | 10.11 (0.11) | 10.71 (0.89) | 10.23 (0.89) | 0.246 | 0.48** | 0.276 | ||||||
| Years of remedial experience | 0 (0) | 1.82 (0.58) | 0.04 (0.14) | 0.955*** | 0.277 | 0.943*** | ||||||
| Sex (M/F) | 12/15 | 7/10 | 9/4 | |||||||||
| Non-verbal IQ‡ | 113.52 (14.53) | 109.71 (13.28) | 104.23 (17.66) | 0.146 | 0.345 | 0.197 | ||||||
| Language | 31.56 (4.16) | 29.00 (4.11) | 28.46 (3.73) | 0.322 | 0.418* | 0.072 | ||||||
| Literacy | ||||||||||||
| EMT (# correct/min) | 77.59 (12.19) | 45.76 (9.13) | 43.15 (8.16) | 0.840*** | 0.876*** | 0.156 | ||||||
| Klepel (# correct/2 min) | 76.59 (17.74) | 35.41 (9.87) | 38.46 (9.30) | 0.837*** | 0.824*** | 0.165 | ||||||
| Spelling (# correct) | 24.56 (2.79) | 15.41 (4.12) | 13.92 (5.14) | 0.848*** | 0.874*** | 0.182 | ||||||
| Phoneme deletion (# correct) | 22.00 (2.00) | 20.00 (3.00) | 19.50 (2.25) | − 0.495** | − 0.370* | − 0.135 | ||||||
| RAN (# correct/s) | ||||||||||||
| Objects | 1.37 (0.29) | 1.15 (0.31) | 0.94 (0.18) | 0.382* | 0.700*** | 0.398* | ||||||
| Colors | 1.45 (0.30) | 1.13 (0.24) | 1.12 (0.22) | 0.532*** | 0.587*** | 0.019 | ||||||
| Digits | 2.45 (0.55) | 1.73 (0.39) | 1.60 (0.30) | 0.492*** | 0.619*** | 0.188 | ||||||
| Letters | 2.67 (0.59) | 1.59 (0.34) | 1.66 (0.35) | 0.596*** | 0.571*** | 0.102 | ||||||
| Digit span (# correct) | ||||||||||||
| Forward | 7.93 (1.41) | 7.12 (1.05) | 7.54 (1.56) | 0.322* | 0.160 | 0.184 | ||||||
| Backward | 6.00 (2.00) | 4.00 (3.00) | 4.00 (1.00) | − 0.354* | − 0.378* | − 0.044 | ||||||
Chronological age is expressed in years.months. For phoneme deletion and digit span backward (i.e., non-normally distributed data) the median and interquartile ranges are presented and group comparisons were carried out using Mann-Whitney U-tests instead of independent t-tests
Effect sizes based on non-parametric statistics were calculated using:
*p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
†Effect sizes (Pearson’s r) were calculated using:
‡Standardized IQ test (M = 100, SD = 15)