Table 2.

The Anti-Microbial Activities of Imidazole Derivatives Using Several Microorganisms

Chemical Structure	Microorganism	Activity	Mechanism	Reference
	Bacteria	MIC (µM)	Lipophilic cross membrane in the biological system	[30]
	S. aureus	2
	B. subtilis	4
	S. mutans	4
	E. coli	>128
	P. aeruginosa	NT
	S. typhi	NT
	Fungi	Zone diameter of inhibition (mm)
	C. Albicans	22–28
	A. niger	10–15
	A. flavus	22–28
	Bacteria	Zone diameter of inhibition (mm)	ND	[31]
	S. aureus	21
	B. subtilis	20
	S. typhimurium	17
	E. coli	19
	Fungi	Zone diameter of inhibition (mm)	ND	[31]
	C. albicans	18
	H. oryzae	15
	A. niger	15
	T. viridae	10
	Penicillium sp.	19
	Bacteria	MIC (µM)	Double strand breaks in DNA helix	[32]
	E. coli	11
	S. aureus	11
	S. aureus	11
	P. vulgaris	>600
	P. mirabilis	>600
	E. faecalis	>600
	S. epidermidis	4
	Bacteria	MIC (µM)	ND	[33]
	Bacillus cereus	32
	S. aureus	32
	E. coli	64
	P. aeruginosa	64
	Bacteria	MIC (µM)	ND	[34]
	E. coli	12.5
	P. aeruginosa	12.5
	S. aureus	25
	S. pyogenes	50
	ESBL	62.5
	VRE	100
	MRSA	100
	Fungi	MIC (µM)	ND	[35]
	Candida albicans	12.5 for all fungi
	Rhizopus oryza
	Penicillium citrum
	Aspergillus niger
	Fungi	MIC (µM)	ND	[35]
	Candida albicans	12.5 for all fungi
	Rhizopus oryza
	Penicillium citrum
	Aspergillus niger
	Protozoal	IC50 (µM)	Target-based an assay using recombinant T. cruzi CYP51.	[36]
	T. b. rhodesiense	34.43
	T. cruzi	0.203
	L. donovani	15.01
	P. falciparum	0.059
	Protozoal	IC50 (µM)	Potential kinase inhibitor	[37]
	L. donovani promastigotes	10
	Protozoal	Percentage of inhibition	ND	[38]
	T. cruzi	61.0
	T. vaginalis	87.5
	Protozoal	EC50 (µM)	ND	[39]
	T. gondii	0.003

Note: The prefix M letter in the compound’s number referred to Anti-Microbial activity.

Abbreviations: MIC, Minimal inhibitory concentration; IC₅₀/ EC₅₀, Compound concentration required to decrease parasite viability by 50%; ESBL, Extended spectrum beta-lactamases; VRE, Vancomycin-resistant enterococci; MRSA, Methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus; NT, Not tested; ND, Not determined.