Table 2.
Chemical Structure | Microorganism | Activity | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | MIC (µM) | Lipophilic cross membrane in the biological system | [30] | |
S. aureus | 2 | |||
B. subtilis | 4 | |||
S. mutans | 4 | |||
E. coli | >128 | |||
P. aeruginosa | NT | |||
S. typhi | NT | |||
Fungi | Zone diameter of inhibition (mm) | |||
C. Albicans | 22–28 | |||
A. niger | 10–15 | |||
A. flavus | 22–28 | |||
Bacteria | Zone diameter of inhibition (mm) | ND | [31] | |
S. aureus | 21 | |||
B. subtilis | 20 | |||
S. typhimurium | 17 | |||
E. coli | 19 | |||
Fungi | Zone diameter of inhibition (mm) | ND | [31] | |
C. albicans | 18 | |||
H. oryzae | 15 | |||
A. niger | 15 | |||
T. viridae | 10 | |||
Penicillium sp. | 19 | |||
Bacteria | MIC (µM) | Double strand breaks in DNA helix | [32] | |
E. coli | 11 | |||
S. aureus | 11 | |||
S. aureus | 11 | |||
P. vulgaris | >600 | |||
P. mirabilis | >600 | |||
E. faecalis | >600 | |||
S. epidermidis | 4 | |||
Bacteria | MIC (µM) | ND | [33] | |
Bacillus cereus | 32 | |||
S. aureus | 32 | |||
E. coli | 64 | |||
P. aeruginosa | 64 | |||
Bacteria | MIC (µM) | ND | [34] | |
E. coli | 12.5 | |||
P. aeruginosa | 12.5 | |||
S. aureus | 25 | |||
S. pyogenes | 50 | |||
ESBL | 62.5 | |||
VRE | 100 | |||
MRSA | 100 | |||
Fungi | MIC (µM) | ND | [35] | |
Candida albicans | 12.5 for all fungi | |||
Rhizopus oryza | ||||
Penicillium citrum | ||||
Aspergillus niger | ||||
Fungi | MIC (µM) | ND | [35] | |
Candida albicans | 12.5 for all fungi | |||
Rhizopus oryza | ||||
Penicillium citrum | ||||
Aspergillus niger | ||||
Protozoal | IC50 (µM) | Target-based an assay using recombinant T. cruzi CYP51. | [36] | |
T. b. rhodesiense | 34.43 | |||
T. cruzi | 0.203 | |||
L. donovani | 15.01 | |||
P. falciparum | 0.059 | |||
Protozoal | IC50 (µM) | Potential kinase inhibitor | [37] | |
L. donovani promastigotes | 10 | |||
Protozoal | Percentage of inhibition | ND | [38] | |
T. cruzi | 61.0 | |||
T. vaginalis | 87.5 | |||
Protozoal | EC50 (µM) | ND | [39] | |
T. gondii | 0.003 |
Note: The prefix M letter in the compound’s number referred to Anti-Microbial activity.
Abbreviations: MIC, Minimal inhibitory concentration; IC50/ EC50, Compound concentration required to decrease parasite viability by 50%; ESBL, Extended spectrum beta-lactamases; VRE, Vancomycin-resistant enterococci; MRSA, Methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus; NT, Not tested; ND, Not determined.