Table 3.

The Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Imidazole Derivatives in Multiple in vitro/ In vivo Models

Chemical Structure	Method/Target	Activity	Reported Target	Reference
	In vitro COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme inhibition assay In vivo Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay after 24h	% of Inhibition COX-1 21.19 COX-2 78.68% of inhibition 54.314	Interacts with COX-2 enzyme	[45]
	Ellman’s method-based assay	IC50 (μM) COX-1 0.98 ± 0.97 COX-2 11.56 ± 2.42 5-LOX 09.51 ± 3.40 sPLA2-V 5.21 ± 1.12	COX-1,2 5-LOX, sPLA2-V Inhibition	[50]
	Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay after 6h	% of inhibition 90.30	Interacts with COX-2 enzyme	[47]
	Leukocyte migration	Cytotoxicity Profile (CC10) 51±1.7	Reducing leukocyte migration, Cg-Induced Oxidative Stress suppressor, and formation of exudate.	[31]
	MTT assay on human neutrophils	% of inhibition MPO release 58.3 ± 3.8% ROS production 73.2 ± 0.9% IL-6 production 81.7%	Inhibition of neutrophils degranulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production	[49]
	Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method	(% of inhibition) ± SEM 37.78 ± 2.377	ND	[35]
	Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method	(% of inhibition) ± SEM 24.67 ± 1.213	ND	[35]
	Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method after 3h	% of oedema inhibition 44.4	ND	[44]
	Human erythrocyte	IC50 (µM) 44 ± 0.17	ND	[46]
	Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema at 3 h	% of inhibition 53.73	ND	[51]

Notes: The prefix “I” letter in the compound’s number referred to Anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxic concentration that killed 10% of the cells (CC₁₀) was calculated through nonlinear regression analysis of the logarithm of concentration in the function of the normalized response (percentage of cell viability). Results are expressed as mean ± E.P.M.

Abbreviations: IC_50, The concentration that inhibits enzyme activity by 50%; ND, Not determined.