Table 4.
Summary of findings for the association of LP (a) with the risk of stroke types and subtypes.
| Variable | IS vs. control (no. of studies = 41) | LAA vs. control (no. of studies = 08) | SVD vs. control (no. of studies = 09) | CE vs. control (no. of studies = 05) | ICH vs. control (no. of studies = 07) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMD (95% CI) | I2 (%) | p-value | SMD (95% CI) | I2 (%) | p-value | SMD (95% CI) | I2 (%) | p-value | SMD (95% CI) | I2 (%) | p-value | SMD (95% CI) | I2 (%) | p-value | |
| Based on study design | |||||||||||||||
| Case–control studies | 0.64 (0.48 to 0.80) | 94.7 | < 0.0001 | 0.32 (0.00 to 0.64) | 89.1 | < 0.0001 | − 0.06 (− 0.46 to 0.34) | 93 | < 0.0001 | 0.05 (− 1.11 to − 1.21) | 97.2 | < 0.0001 | 0.39 (− 0.07 to 0.84) | 94.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Nested case control studies | 3.30 (3.00 to 3.60) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.24 (1.76 to 2.72) | – | – |
| Prospective cohort studies | 0.96 (− 0.01 to 1.93) | 99.2 | < 0.0001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Overall | 0.76 (0.53 to 0.99) | 98 | < 0.0001 | 0.32 (0.00 to 0.64) | 89.1 | < 0.0001 | − 0.06 (− 0.46 to 0.34) | 93 | < 0.0001 | 0.05 (− 1.11 to − 1.21) | 97.2 | < 0.0001 | 0.65 (0.13 to 1.17) | 96 | < 0.0001 |
| Based on ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| Asian | 0.81 (0.56 to 1.05) | 96 | < 0.0001 | 0.08 (− 0.22 to 0.39) | 59.1 | 0.087 | − 0.56 (− 1.98 to 0.85) | 98 | < 0.0001 | − 2.58 (− 3.15 to − 2.00) | – | – | 0.41 (− 0.24 to − 1.06) | 96.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Caucasian | 0.72 (0.36 to 1.08) | 98.3 | < 0.0001 | 0.45 (− 0.10 to 0.99) | 98.1 | < 0.0001 | 0.16 (− 0.08 to 0.40) | 57.1 | 0.04 | 0.08 (− 0.18 to 1.54) | 94.2 | < 0.0001 | 0.98 (− 0.32 to 2.28) | 94.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Overall | 0.76 (0.53 to 0.99) | 98 | < 0.0001 | 0.32 (0.00 to 0.64) | 89.1 | < 0.0001 | − 0.06 (− 0.46 to 0.34) | 93 | < 0.0001 | 0.05 (− 1.11 to − 1.21) | 97.2 | < 0.0001 | 0.65 (0.13 to 1.17) | 96 | < 0.0001 |
| Based on NOS quality score | |||||||||||||||
| High | 0.99 (0.53 to 1.44) | 98.9 | < 0.0001 | 0.16 (0.08 to 0.25) | – | – | 0.14 (0.04 to 0.24) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.61 (− 0.34 to 1.56) | 98.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Medium | 0.66 (0.32 to 1.00) | 97.6 | < 0.0001 | 0.99 (− 0.23 to 0.74) | 89.8 | < 0.0001 | − 0.12 (− 0.79 to 0.56) | 94.7 | < 0.0001 | 0.05 (− 1.11 to − 1.21) | 97.2 | < 0.0001 | 0.27 (0.03 to 0.52) | 0 | 0.48 |
| Low | 0.77 (0.33 to 1.21) | 93.8 | < 0.0001 | 0.93 (0.55 to 1.32) | – | – | 0.00 (− 0.33 to 0.33) | – | – | – | – | – | 1.06 (− 1.27 to 3.38) | 98.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Overall | 0.76 (0.53 to 0.99) | 98 | < 0.0001 | 0.32 (0.00 to 0.64) | 89.1 | < 0.0001 | − 0.06 (− 0.46 to 0.34) | 93 | < 0.0001 | 0.05 (− 1.11 to − 1.21) | 97.2 | < 0.0001 | 0.65 (0.13 to 1.17) | 96 | < 0.0001 |
SMD standardized mean difference, CI confidence interval, IS ischemic stroke, LAA large artery atherosclerosis, SVD small vessel disease, CE cardioembolism, ICH intracerebral haemorrhage.
Bold values of OR represent statistically significant results (p-value < 0.05).