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. 2021 Aug 2;11:15618. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93381-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Modifications in genes in C₄ pathway in predicted protein sequences and transcript abundances mapped to the Flaveria phylogeny. The predicted amino acid changes and the transcript abundance (FPKM) of the genes encoding the enzymes in C₄ pathway are shown. Only the amino acid residues predicted to be different between C₃ and C₄ species are superimposed on the recent published phylogeny of Flaveria. The colors of amino acid residues have no meaning and are only for visualization purposes. Numbers below the amino acids indicate the location sites in the multiple sequence alignments. FPKM values with standard errors are shown to the right of the amino acid changes as red bars. (A) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC); (B) pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK); (C) NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME); (D) pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase regulatory protein (PPDK-RP); (E) phosphoenolpyruvate protein kinase A (PPCKA). Protein sequences from UniprotKP are: F. trinervia PEPC, P30694; F. bidentis PPDK, Q39735; F. brownii PPDK, Q39734; and F. trinervia PPDK, P22221. Sequence alignments are available in Additional file 2.