Table 3: Mean physical factors of the dominant shoulder for athletes with new injuries** and results of statistical comparisons.

Variable		New injury (n=19)	No new injury (n=20)	Significance (p-value)	Effect size g [95% CI]
Strength*	ER (Nm/kg)	0.40 (0.11)	0.41 (0.10)	0.92	-0.14 [-0.77, 0.50]
	IR (Nm/kg)	0.59 (0.14)	0.56 (0.15)	0.52	0.18 [-0.46, 0.81]
	ER/IR ratio	0.68 (0.12)	0.74 (0.08)	0.09	-0.61 [-1.26, 0.04]
ROM	ER (°)	104.9 (10.9)	105.1 (11.7)	0.96	-0.02 [-0.65, 0.62]
	IR (°)	49.9 (10.1)	54.9 (11.4)	0.16	-0.45 [-1.09, 0.19]
	Total rotation(°)	154.8 (12.6)	160.0 (14.3)	0.24	-0.37 [-1.01, 0.27]
	ER gain (°)	7.7 (8.4)	5.0 (8.5)	0.33	0.31 [-0.33, 0.95]
	IR loss (°)	9.8 (9.8)	4.0 (6.7)	0.04*	0.68 [0.03, 1.33]
Scapular alignment	UR (°)	13.0 (3.0)	10.4 (3.3)	0.01*	0.81 [0.15, 1.47]

*Strength variables were not normally distributed and groups were compared with Mann-Whitney test.

** Three male athletes quit water polo during the study follow-up period, and were included in the prospective injured group because they had prior injuries.

ER = external rotation, IR = internal rotation, ER:IR = ratio of external over internal rotation , ROM = range of motion, UR = upward rotation.