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. 2021 Jul 20;12:680209. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680209

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Copyright © 2021 Liu, Yu, Ye and Gao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stage-specific effects of the bFGF on odontoblast differentiation. Treatment (A): early and limited exposure to the bFGF during the proliferation phase stimulated the differentiation into functional/secretory odontoblasts and increased the expression of various GFP transgenes (2.3-GFP, 3.6-GFP, and DMP1-GFP) and dentinogenic markers (Dmp1) by activating the BMP, Wnt, and Akt pathways. Treatment (B): continuous exposure to the bFGF during the differentiation/mineralization phase inhibited the differentiation into mature odontoblasts and decreased the expression of GFP transgenes (2.3-GFP, 3.6-GFP, and DSPP-Cerulean) and dentinogenic markers (Dmp1 and Dspp) by activating the Wnt pathway while suppressing the BMP pathway and downregulating ITGA11, CTGF, and ATF4 levels and the Pi/PPi ratio.