Table 2.
Scores on the cognitive assessments, stratified by RA/healthy control status
| Cognitive assessment (range)a | People with RA, mean (S.D.) | Healthy controls, mean (S.D.) | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)b | Adjusted SMD (95% CI)c | P-value of adjusted mean differences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACE-III | |||||
| Total (0–100) | 85.2 (7.4) | 96.0 (2.5) | −7.0 (−9.6, −4.4) | −0.9 (−1.2, −0.6) | <0.0001 |
| Attention (0–18) | 16.5 (1.9) | 17.7 (0.5) | 0.0 (−0.7, 0.7) | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.4) | 0.952 |
| Memory (0–26) | 19.8 (4.0) | 24.8 (1.6) | −3.3 (−5.0, −1.5) | −0.8 (−1.2, −0.4) | <0.0001 |
| Verbal fluency (0–14) | 9.9 (2.6) | 12.1 (1.3) | −1.7 (−2.9, −0.5) | −0.7 (−1.2, −0.2) | 0.007 |
| Language (0–26) | 24.6 (1.7) | 25.6 (0.6) | −0.7 (−1.5, −0.01) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.01) | 0.047 |
| Visuospatial (0–16) | 14.4 (1.5) | 15.8 (0.5) | −1.3 (−2.0, −0.6) | −1.0 (−1.5, −0.5) | <0.0001 |
| IFS (0–30) | 20.4 (3.4) | 25.3 (2.0) | −4.1 (−5.7, −2.6) | −1.1 (−1.5, −0.7) | <0.0001 |
| Mini-SEA | |||||
| Facial recognition (0–15) | 10.3 (1.1) | 11.2 (0.9) | −0.8 (−1.3, −0.2) | −0.7 (−1.2, −0.2) | 0.005 |
| Faux-pas (0–15) | 14.2 (1.2) | 14.0 (1.2) | 0.4 (−0.3, 1.1) | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.9) | 0.232 |
| RCFT | |||||
| Copy (0–36) | 30.2 (5.1) | 33.3 (2.9) | −1.3 (−3.8, 1.1) | −0.3 (−0.8, 0.2) | 0.277 |
| Recall (0–36) | 15.2 (7.9) | 18.1 (5.3) | −0.8 (−4.9, 3.3) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) | 0.711 |
Higher scores indicate better function. bMean difference from linear regression, controlling for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, education level, depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7). cEach cognitive variable is standardized; the coefficients represent the number of standard deviations difference between people with RA and controls, adjusted for the same confounders above. ACE-III = Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III; GAD-7 = Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7; IFS = Institute of Cognitive Neurology Frontal Screening; Mini-SEA = Mini Social Cognition and Emotion Assessment; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; RCFT = Rey Complex Figure Test; SMD = standardized mean difference.