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. 2021 Jul 20;12:680005. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.680005

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Copyright © 2021 Alavi, Joukar, Rostamzadeh, Najafipour, Darvishzadeh-mahani and Mortezaeizade.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of waterpipe smoke inhalation on positive dP/dt max (+dP/dt max) and negative dP/dt max (-dP/dt max) in experimental groups. CTL, control group; Ex, group subjected to exercise training for 8 weeks; S, group subjected to waterpipe tobacco smoke inhalation for 8 weeks; Ex + S, group subjected to exercise training and waterpipe tobacco smoke inhalation for 8 weeks. The results are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 7. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 vs. CTL; ^##P < 0.01 vs. S; ^&&P < 0.01; ^&&&P < 0.001 vs. Ex.