Table 1.
Characteristics of included trials in this review.
| Author, year (Ref.) | N(m/f) | Age | Exercise program | Design | Cognitive test | Cognitive domain | Exercise stimulus | Control condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amjad, 2019 (25) (Pakistan) |
40(21/19) | CG: 59.56 ± 2.65 EG: 58.23 ± 2.31 |
EG: treadmill, stationary bicycle, (aerobic exercise) CG: stretch |
RCT | MoCA | Global cognitive function | 6 weeks, 3 d/wk, 20–40 min/d, 60–80% of maximum heart rate | Stretch |
| Chang, 2021 (26) (China) |
109(0/109) | CG: 75.94 ± 3.61 EG: 75.56 ± 3.60 |
EG: square dance CG: daily lifestyle |
Cluster-RCT | MoCA | Global cognitive function | 18 weeks, 3 d/wk, 30 min/d, heart rate 100–140 beats/min | Daily lifestyle |
| Hoffmann, 2015 (27) (Danmark) |
200(113/87) | CG: 71.3 ± 7.3 EG: 69.8 ±7.4 |
EG: walking CG: received treatment as usual | RCT | MMSE | Global cognitive function Immediate/ Delayed recall |
16 weeks, 3 d/wk, 60 min/d | Received treatment as usual |
| Lam, 2012 (28) (Hong Kong, China) |
261(92/169) | CG:78.3 ± 6.6 EG:77.2 ± 6.3 |
EG: Tai Chi CG: stretching and toning exercise |
RCT | MMSE | Global cognitive function Delayed recall, attention, executive function, verbal fluency |
1 year, 3 d/wk, 30 min/d, moderate intensity | Stretching and toning exercise |
| Lam, 2015 (29) (Hong Kong, China) |
263(54/206) | CG:75.4 ± 6.1 EG:76.3 ± 6.6 |
EG: Tai Chi, static bicycle riding and other physical activity CG: social activity | RCT | MMSE | Global cognitive function Delayed recall Verbal fluency |
1 year, 1 d/wk, 60 min/d, moderate intensity | Stretching and toning exercise |
| Lazarou, 2017 (30) (Greece) |
129(28/101) | CG:67.92 ± 9.47 EG:65.89 ± 10.76 |
EG: Dance CG: usual physical activity | RCT | MoCA | Global cognitive function | 10 months, 2/wk, 60 min/d | No intervention |
| Song, 2019 (31) (China) |
120(30/90) | CG: 75.33 ± 6.78 EG: 76.22 ± 5.76 | EG: aerobic stepping exercise CG: education program | RCT | MoCA | Global cognitive function | 16 weeks, 3 d/wk, 60 min exercise/d | 8 biweekly 45 min education programs |
| Doi, 2017 (32) (Japan) |
134(52/82) | CG:76 ± 4.9 EG:75.7 ± 4.1 |
EG: Dance CG: usual physical activity | RCT | MMSE | Global cognitive function | 40 weeks, 60 min/wk | 40-week 3 health education classes (90 min/class) |
| Varela, 2012 (33) (Spain) |
48(21/27) | EG: 77.88 ± 10.71 CG: 79.40 ± 6.72 | EG: cycling CG: recreational activity | RCT | MMSE | Global cognitive function | 3 months, 3 d/wk, 30 min/d, 40–60% maximum heart rate | Recreational activities (playing cards, reading newspaper) |
| Wei, 2014 (34) (China) |
60(40/20) | CG:65.27 ± 4.63 EG:66.73 ± 5.48 |
EG: handball training CG: entertainment | RCT | MMSE | Global cognitive function | 6 months, 5 d/wk,30 min/d, 60%Hrmax | Traditional life entertainment (playing cards, etc.) |