Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Maternal Characteristics | n=117 unless otherwise indicated in parentheses |
|---|---|
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 27.2 ± 5.6 |
| Census region of residence | |
| Apia Urban Area, n (%) | 57 (48.8) |
| Northwest Upolu (peri-urban), n (%) | 59 (51.5) |
| Rest of Upolu (ROU) (rural), n (%) | 1 (0.9) |
| BMI post-pregnancy (measured 6.4 ± 7.0 days after birth), kg/m2, mean ± SD |
34.3 ± 6.6 (n=115) |
| Body mass index (BMI) classificationa | |
| Underweight (<18 kg/m2), n (%) | 0 (0) |
| Normal (18–25.9 kg/m2), n (%) | 11 (9.6) |
| Overweight (26–32 kg/m2), n (%) | 35 (30.4) |
| Obesity (>32 kg/m2), n (%) | 69 (60.0) |
| Gravidity, mean ± SD | 2.0 ± 1.7 (n=115) |
| Smoker during pregnancy, n (%) | 10 (8.5) |
| Number of cigarettes per week (smokers only), mean ± SD | 3.1 ± 2.7 (n=10) |
| Infant Characteristics | n=110 | n=106 | n=117 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early infant visit (0–41 days) |
2-month visit (56–100 days) |
4-month visit (111–199 days) |
|
| Male, n (%) | 58 (52.7) | 58 (54.7) | 62 (53.0) |
| Genotype AG/AAb, n (%) | 46 (41.4) | 42 (39.6) | 48 (41.0) |
| Infant age, days, mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 7.0 | 72.1 ± 9.8 | 127.9 ± 13.1 |
| Gestational age, weeks, mean ±SD | 40.0 ± 1.0 | 39.9 ± 1.0 | 39.9 ± 1.0 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding, n (%) | 101 (91.8) | 70 (66.0) | 70 (59.8) |
| Birth weight, g, mean ± SD | 3518.7 ± 470.2 | 3513.8 ± 469.5 | 3518.7 ± 470.2 |
| Macrosomia (>4000g), n (%) | 15 (13.6) | 13 (12.2) | 15 (12.8) |
| Weight, g, mean ± SD | 3553.4 ± 5557.2 | 6185.6 ± 798.2 | 7362.8 ± 908.8 |
| Length, cm, mean ± SD | 52.1 ± 2.8 | 60.7 ± 2.0 | 64.8 ± 2.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 13.1 ± 1.4 | 16.7 ± 1.5 | 17.5 ± 1.4 |
| zBMIc, mean ± SD | −0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.9 |
| Subcutaneous fatd, mm2, mean ± SD | 20.5 ± 6.4 (108) | 43.2 ± 7.3 | 44.9 ± 7.1 |
| Abdominal circumference, mm, mean ± SD | 34.0 ± 2.5 | 41.2 ± 2.3 | 42.6 ± 2.5 |
| Head circumference, mm, mean ± SD | 35.7 ± 1.5 | 40.7 ± 4.9 | 41.8 ± 1.6 |
| DXA, total body less head (TBLH) | n=110 | n=110 | |
| Fat mass, g, mean ± SD | 504.8 ± 171.2 | --- | 2162.1 ± 463.0 |
| % Fat (%), mean ± SD | 17.8 ± 3.5 | --- | 36.16 ± 4.5 |
| Lean mass, g, mean ± SD | 2240.2 ± 369.1 | --- | 3702.5 ± 480.5 |
| Bone mass, g, mean ± SD | 45.4 ± 7.5 | --- | 76.3 ± 9.8 |
| Fat-free mass, g, mean ± SD | 2285.6 ± 374.0 | --- | 3778.7 ± 488.2 |
a
Pacific Islander-specific cut-offs for BMI were used.
b
AA/AG are individuals with 1 or 2 copies of the CREBRF variant rs373863828 (CREBRF:c.1370G>A p.(R457Q)), and GG are infants with no copies.
c
Age- and sex-standardized BMI z-scores (zBMI) were calculated using World Health Organization Child Growth Standards.
d
Subcutaneous fat mass (mm2) estimated using the sum of all skinfold measures.