. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Obes (Lond). 2020 Sep 3;45(1):45–55. doi: 10.1038/s41366-020-00659-4

Table 2.

Anthropometric and body composition measures among Samoan infants by CREBRF rs373863828 genotype groups.

	Outcome^a	AG/AA^b		GG^b		Difference	P-value^c
		Mean ± SEM	n	Mean ± SEM	n	Mean ± SEM
Early infant visit (6.4 days)^d	Weight, g	3553.3 ± 54.3	45	3553.4 ± 65.3	65	−0.1 ± 85.2	0.999
	Length, cm	52.4 ± 0.4	45	51.9 ± 0.3	65	0.6 ± 0.5	0.253
	BMI, kg/m²	12.9 ± 0.2	45	13.2 ± 0.2	65	−0.3	0.229
	zBMI^e	−0.4 ± 0.1	45	−0.3 ± 0.1	65	−0.2 ± 0.2	0.367
	Subcutaneous fat^f, mm²	20.2 ± 0.7	45	20.7 ± 0.6	63	−0.5 ± 0.9	0.584
	Abdominal circumference-to-length, mm/cm	0.7 ± 0.01	45	0.7 ± 0.01	65	0 ± 0.01	0.473
	DXA measures, total body less head (TBLH)
	Fat mass, g	499.3 ± 19.3	45	508.6 ± 16.1	65	−9.3 ± 25.2	0.713
	% Fat (%)	17.8 ± 0.5	45	18.3 ± 0.4	65	−0.5 ± 0.6	0.457
	Lean mass, g	2268.2 ± 48.2	45	2220.8 ± 39.2	65	47.4 ± 61.5	0.442
	Bone mass, g	47.1 ± 1.1	45	44.2 ± 0.9	65	2.9 ± 1.4	0.043
2-month visit (72.1 days)^g	Weight, g	6287.2 ± 115.1	42	6118.9 ± 93.2	64	168.3 ± 148.1	0.259
	Length, cm	60.7 ± 0.3	42	60.7 ± 0.3	64	0 ± 0.4	1.000
	BMI, kg/m²	17.0 ± 0.2	42	16.6 ± 0.2	64	0.4 ± 0.3	0.118
	zBMI^e	0.4 ± 0.1	42	0.1 ± 0.1	64	0.2 ± 0.2	0.158
	Subcutaneous fat^f, mm²	43.3 ± 1.1	42	43.2 ± 0.9	62	0.1 ± 1.3	0.932
	Abdominal circumference-to-length, mm/cm	0.7 ± 0.01	42	0.7 ± 0.01	64	0 ± 0.01	0.135
4-month visit (127.6 days)^h	Weight, g	7492.9 ± 129.2	48	7272.3 ± 107.5	69	220.6 ± 169.3	0.195
	Length, cm	65.0 ± 0.3	48	64.6 ± 0.3	69	0.4 ± 0.4	0.392
	BMI, kg/m²	17.7 ± 0.2	48	17.4 ± 0.2	69	0.3 ± 0.3	0.317
	zBMI^e	0.4 ± 0.1	48	0.3 ± 0.1	69	0.1 ± 0.2	0.407
	Subcutaneous fat^f, mm²	45.1 ± 1.0	48	44.8 ± 0.9	69	0.3 ± 1.3	0.820
	Abdominal circumference-to-length, mm/cm	0.7 ± 0.01	48	0.7 ± 0.01	69	0 ± 0.01	0.362
	DXA measures (TBLH)
	Fat mass, g	2158.2 ± 68.8	45	2164.7 ± 57.1	65	−6.5 ± 90.0	0.942
	% Fat (%)	35.1 ± 0.7	45	36.9 ± 0.6	65	−1.8 ± 0.9	0.055
	Lean mass, g	3855.1 ± 67.8	45	3596.8 ± 56.3	65	258.3 ± 88.7	0.004
	Bone mass, g	78.7 ± 1.4	45	74.6 ± 1.2	65	4.1 ± 1.8	0.025
Difference between early infant and 4-month adjusted for early infant visit (120.2 days)^i,j,k	Weight, g	3832.6 ± 118.7	44	3732.5 ± 97.3	65	100.1 ± 154.7	0.519
	Length, cm	12.3 ± 0.3	44	12.8 ± 0.3	65	0.4 ± 0.5	0.327
	BMI, kg/m²	4.6 ± 0.3	43	4.3 ± 0.2	62	0.3 ± 0.4	0.391
	zBMI^e	0.7 ± 0.2	43	0.6 ± 0.2	62	0.1 ± 0.2	0.736
	Subcutaneous fat^f, mm²	25.4 ± 1.5	41	24.3 ± 1.2	62	1.1 ± 1.9	0.561
	Abdominal circumference-to-length, mm/cm	0.008 ± 0.01	43	0.006 ± 0.01	62	0.002 ± 0.01	0.845
	DXA measures (TBLH)
	Fat mass, g	1619.0 ± 70.7	42	1655.8 ± 58.6	61	−36.8 ± 92.4	0.691
	% Fat (%)	17.1 ± 0.7	42	19.1 ± 0.6	61	−2.0 ± 0.9	0.035
	Lean mass, g	1557.8 ± 61.5	42	1362.4 ± 50.8	61	195.4 ± 80.7	0.017
	Bone mass, g	32.1 ± 1.3	42	29.5 ± 1.1	61	2.6 ± 1.7	0.140

Bolding indicates p-values < 0.05

Values are least square means adjusted for age.

AA/AG are individuals with 1 or 2 copies of the CREBRF variant rs373863828 (CREBRF:c.1370G>A p.(R457Q)), and GG are infants with no copies.

P-values are from pairwise comparisons.

All early infant outcome means were estimated at the mean age 6.4 days except zBMI (which were calculated using WHO age references).

Age- and sex-standardized BMI z-scores (zBMI) were calculated using World Health Organization Child Growth Standards.

Subcutaneous fat mass (mm²) estimated using the sum of all skinfold measures.

All 2-month outcome means were estimated at the mean ages 72.1 days except zBMI (which were calculated using WHO age references).

All 4-month outcome means were estimated at the mean age 127.6 days except zBMI (which were calculated using WHO references).

ⁱ

All outcomes are estimated as the mean difference in body composition measure from 0 to 199 days at a mean age of 120.2 days except zBMI (which was calculated using WHO age references).

To control for infant age in these models, we subtracted number of days old at the 4-month visit from number of days old at the early infant visit.

All models of the difference and rate of change between the 4-month and early infant visit were also adjusted for the corresponding outcome measurement at the early infant visit per Johnson et al.³¹.