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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Obes (Lond). 2020 Sep 3;45(1):45–55. doi: 10.1038/s41366-020-00659-4

Table 3.

Multivariable models for significant outcomes at the early infant and 4-month visit. Model 1 included all covariates (infant age, maternal BMI, sex, breastfeeding status, and maternal age). Model 2 are best-fit models after backwards stepwise elimination.

Bone Mass at Early infant Visit %Fat at 4-month Visit Bone Mass at 4-month Visit Lean Mass at 4-month Visit
Predictor 1 2 1 2c 1 2 1 2
AA/AG Genotype (Ref: GG genotype) 2.5 (1.4)
(−0.2, 5.2)
p=0.071		 2.5 (1.4)
(−0.2, 5.2)
p=0.065		 −1.6 (0.9)
(−3.3, 0.2)
p=0.078		 −1.3 (0.9)
(−3.0, 0.4)
p=0.136		 4.2 (1.8)
(0.6, 7.7)
p=0.022		 4.0 (1.8)
(0.5, 7.5)
p=0.026		 202.4 (80.0)
(43.6, 361.2)
p=0.013		 210.9 (79.6)
(53.0, 368.8)
p=0.009
Infant age (days) 0.2 (0.1)
(−0.03, 0.4)
p=0.095		 0.2 (0.1)
(−0.02, 0.4)
p=0.083		 0.1 (0.04)
(−0.03, 0.1)
p=0.195		 0.2 (0.1)
(−0.02, 0.4)
p=0.083		 0.2 (0.1)
(0.1, 0.4
p=0.004		 0.2 (2.8)
(0.1, 0.4)
p=0.006		 9.5 (3.4)
(2.9, 16.2)
p=0.005		 8.9 (3.3)
(2.5, 15.4)
p=0.007
Maternal BMI (kg/m2) 0.3 (0.1)
(0.1, 0.5)
p=0.010		 0.3 (0.1)
(0.1, 0.5)
p=0.007		 −0.01 (0.07)
(−0.1, 0.1)
p=0.917		 0.3 (0.1)
(0.1, 0.5)
p=0.007		 −0.03 (0.1)
(−0.3, 0.2)
p=0.823		 10.9 (6.0)
(−0.9, 22.7)
p=0.070
Sex (Ref: Male) −0.2 (1.3)
(−2.9, 2.4)
p=0.866		 1.5 (0.9)
(−0.2, 3.2)
p=0.077		 1.5 (0.9)
(−0.2, 3.2)
p=0.085		 −5.5 (1.7)
(−9.0, −2.0)
p=0.002		 −5.7 (1.7)
(−9.0, −2.3)
p=0.001		 −404.3 (78.1)
(−559.3, −249.3)
p<.001		 −429.8 (76.5)
(−581.5, −278.0)
p<0.001
Not Breastfeeding (Ref: Breastfeeding)a 4.1 (2.4)
(−0.8, 8.9)
p=0.099
Mixed Feeding (Ref: Breastfeeding) −2.4 (1.0)
(−4.5, −0.4)
p=0.022		 −2.2 (1.0)
(−4.2, −0.1)
p=0.036		 −1.4 (2.1)
(−5.7, 2.8)
p=0.511		 −58.6 (95.9)
(−248.8, 131.7)
p=0.543
Formula Feeding (Ref: Breastfeeding) −2.9 (1.2)
(−5.3,−0.5)
p=0.021		 −3.0 (1.2)
(−5.5,−0.5)
p=0.017		 5.2 (2.6)
(0.1, 10.3)
p=0.046		 5.5 (2.5)
(0.7, 10.4)
p=0.026		 35.3 (115.0)
(−192.9, 263.5)
p=0.760
Maternal age (years) 0.03 (0.1)
(−0.2, 0.3)
p=0.791		 −0.1 (0.2)
(−0.2, 0.1)
p=0.291		 0.1 (0.2)
(−0.2, 0.4)
p=0.414		 −5.7 (6.9)
(−19.4, 8.0)
p=0.413
Constant 32.9 (4.4)
(24.1, 41.7)
p<.001		 33.8 (3.5)
(26.9, 40.7)
p<.001		 33.5 (5.6)
(22.4, 44.5)
p<.001		 37.0 (0.7)
(35.5, 38.4)
p<.001		 46.3 (11.4)
(23.7, 68.9)
p<.001		 50.5 (9.2)
(32.2, 68.8)
p<.001		 2389.5 (509.0)
(1379.6, 3399.3)
p<.001		 2279.6 (463.8)
(1359.7, 3199.4)
p<.001
nb 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109
R2 0.160 0.137 0.143 0.115 .249 0.241 0.364 0.334
AIC 428.371 425.297 323.984 321.458 478.783 473.910 1299.406 1296.334

Beta coefficient (Standard error) (95% CI in parentheses)

a

For the early infant visit breastfeeding was yes/no.

b

One male infant was removed because of missing data for maternal postpartum BMI.

c

The best fit model for %fat excluded genotype, however it was forced back in to test the research question.