Table 3.
Pre-to-follow-up effects of online mindfulness-based interventions compared with controlsa.
| Outcomes | N comp b | Hedges g (95% CI)) | Z | Heterogeneity | Fail-safe N | |||
|
|
|
|
|
Q value | I 2 |
|
||
| All studies (including outliers) | ||||||||
|
|
Depression | 26 | 0.25 (0.12 to 0.38) | 3.80c | 74.12c | 66.27 | 201 | |
|
|
Anxiety | 21 | 0.23 (0.13 to 0.32) | 4.62c | 31.49d | 36.49 | 189 | |
|
|
Stress | 15 | –0.24 (–0.40 to –0.08) | –2.97e | 37.09e | 62.25 | 71 | |
|
|
Well-being | 18 | –0.02 (–0.53 to 0.49) | –0.09 | 1254.86c | 98.73 | 171 | |
|
|
Mindfulness | 27 | 0.06 (–0.05 to 0.16) | 1.09 | 75.05c | 65.36 | 0 | |
| All studies (excluding outliers) | ||||||||
|
|
Depressionf | 25 | 0.27 (0.14 to 0.40) | 4.18c | 53.93c | 55.50 | 220 | |
|
|
Anxiety | N/Ag | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
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|
Stressh | 13 | –0.11 (–0.21 to –0.02) | –2.31d | 9.35 | 0 | 12 | |
|
|
Well-being | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
|
|
Mindfulnessi | 25 | 0.05 (–0.03 to 0.14) | 1.23 | 40.36d | 40.53 | 0 | |
| Medium- and high-quality studies | ||||||||
|
|
Depression | 16 | 0.24 (0.09 to 0.38) | 3.23e | 32.06e | 53.21 | 75 | |
|
|
Anxiety | 13 | 0.21 (0.07 to 0.34) | 2.99e | 21.26d | 43.56 | 45 | |
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|
Stress | 11 | –0.30 (–0.51 to –0.08) | –2.67e | 34.51c | 71.02 | 44 | |
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|
Well-being | 13 | 0.17 (–0.03 to 0.37) | 1.71 | 48.02c | 75.00 | 24 | |
|
|
Mindfulness | 18 | 0.08 (–0.08 to 0.23) | 0.96 | 56.78c | 70.06 | 0 | |
aOnly studies with a follow-up period of 1-3 months were included. Analyses were conducted using a random effects model.
bNcomp: number of comparisons.
cP<.001.
dP<.05.
eP<.01.
fOne outlier was removed: Mak et al [39].
gN/A: not applicable.
hTwo outliers were removed: Kladnitski et al [34] (studies 1 and 3).