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. 2021 Aug 3;12:433. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02511-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — The strategy for developing clinical applications of MenSC-derived small EVs. Tissue donors should be selected and examined for MenSC-derived small EVs production. Donors can be autologous or allogeneic obtained from menstrual blood. MenSCs modification by bioengineering [CRISPR/Cas9, small molecules, synthetic mRNA, virus transfection (lentivirus/adenovirus), recombinant proteins] may be considered to improve therapeutic efficacy of MenSC-derived small EVs. Therapeutic effects of engineered MenSC may be further improved by encapsulating miRNA or siRNA in them. The application of MenSC-derived small EVs first evaluated the safety and effectiveness through an animal disease model. Then, MenSC-derived small EVs were employed to treat a variety of diseases in the clinic