Fig. 1.

Schematic representation of the NET formation modulators and the development of the pre-metastatic niche in the perioperative setting [17••, 25, 32••, 33–35]. citH3, citrullinated histone 3 protein; CTCs, circulating tumour cells; CXCR1/2, CXC receptor 1/2; EC, endothelial cells; EV, extracellular vesicles; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; G-CSFR, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; IL-8, interleukin 8; LAIR1, leucocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MPO, myeloperoxidase; N, neutrophils; NE, neutrophil elastase; P, platelets; PAF, platelet-activating factor; P-SEL, selectin P; PSGL-1, selectin P receptor 1; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SIGLEC 5/6, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins 5/6; SIRL1, signal inhibitory receptor on leucocytes 1; TF, tissue factor; TLR2, toll-like receptor 2; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; VTE, venous thromboembolism; £ induces tumour cell proliferation; $ dormant cancer cell activator; % synergistic effect with LPS to exacerbate infection response; * correlates with the metastatic potential of some cancers