Table 1.

Covariates considered in this study

Type	Variable	Full name
Socioeconomic characteristics	AHI	Annual household income (unit: 1,000 £)
	Dis_Hos	Distance to nearest hospital (unit: km)
	Dis_PS	Distance to nearest police station (unit: km)
	Den_Sch	Density of schools (unit: number of schools per km2)
	Den_Pop	Density of population (unit: 1000 persons per km2)
Built environmental characteristics	Res_Per	Residential percent (%)
	CIT_Per	Commercial, industrial & transportation percent (%)
	Rec_Per	Recreational percent (%)
	LUX	Land use mix (Entropy index)