Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of socioeconomic and demographic factors, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 with sources of information.
| Variable | Social media (no: n=1791; yes: n=1567) |
Ministry of Health (no: n=2220; yes: n=1138) |
Television and newspapers (no: n=2926; yes: n=432) |
Friends and/or family (no: n=3303; yes: n=55) |
Self-learning (no: n=3260; yes: n=98) |
Official sources (no: n=3290; yes: n=68) |
|||||||||||||
|
|
n (%) |
P value |
n (%) |
P value |
n (%) |
P value |
n (%) |
P value |
n (%) |
P value |
n (%) |
P value |
|||||||
|
|
No | Yes |
|
No | Yes |
|
No | Yes |
|
No | Yes |
|
No | Yes |
|
No | Yes |
|
|
| Age (years) | <.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
.46 | |||
|
|
18 to 29 | 466 (26) | 539 (34) |
|
659 (30) | 346 (30) |
|
959 (33) | 46 (11) |
|
970 (29) | 35 (64) |
|
987 (30) | 18 (18) |
|
984 (30) | 21 (31) |
|
|
|
30 to 39 | 487 (27) | 447 (29) |
|
570 (26) | 364 (32) |
|
864 (30) | 70 (16) |
|
927 (28) | 7 (13) |
|
910 (28) | 24 (24) |
|
912 (28) | 22 (32) |
|
|
|
40 to 49 | 363 (20) | 323 (21) |
|
470 (21) | 216 (19) |
|
576 (20) | 110 (25) |
|
680 (21) | 6 (11) |
|
665 (20) | 21 (21) |
|
676 (21) | 10 (15) |
|
|
|
50 to 59 | 301 (17) | 167 (11) |
|
319 (14) | 149 (13) |
|
344 (12) | 124 (29) |
|
464 (14) | 4 (7) |
|
451 (14) | 17 (17) |
|
461 (14) | 7 (10) |
|
|
|
≥60 | 174 (10) | 91 (6) |
|
202 (9) | 63 (6) |
|
183 (6) | 82 (19) |
|
262 (8) | 3 (5) |
|
247 (8) | 18 (18) |
|
257 (8) | 8 (12) |
|
| Gender | .047 |
|
|
.65 |
|
|
.02 |
|
|
.81 |
|
|
.38 |
|
|
.40 | |||
|
|
Female | 1009 (56) | 936 (60) |
|
1292 (58) | 653 (57) |
|
1717 (59) | 228 (53) |
|
1914 (58) | 31 (56) |
|
1884 (58) | 61 (62) |
|
1909 (58) | 36 (53) |
|
|
|
Male | 782 (44) | 631 (40) |
|
928 (42) | 485 (43) |
|
1209 (41) | 204 (47) |
|
1389 (42) | 24 (44) |
|
1376 (42) | 37 (38) |
|
1381 (42) | 32 (47) |
|
| Marital status | .08 |
|
|
.09 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
.69 |
|
|
.07 | |||
|
|
Married | 1160 (65) | 969 (62) |
|
1430 (64) | 699 (61) |
|
1791 (61) | 338 (78) |
|
2106 (64) | 23 (42) |
|
2065 (63) | 64 (65) |
|
2093 (64) | 36 (53) |
|
|
|
Unmarried | 631 (35) | 598 (38) |
|
790 (36) | 439 (39) |
|
1135 (39) | 94 (22) |
|
1197 (36) | 32 (58) |
|
1195 (37) | 34 (35) |
|
1197 (36) | 32 (47) |
|
| Nationality | .16 |
|
|
.01 |
|
|
.25 |
|
|
.50 |
|
|
.21 |
|
|
.77 | |||
|
|
Non-Saudi | 130 (7) | 134 (9) |
|
194 (9) | 70 (6) |
|
224 (8) | 40 (9) |
|
261 (8) | 3 (5) |
|
253 (8) | 11 (11) |
|
258 (8) | 6 (9) |
|
|
|
Saudi | 1661 (93) | 1433 (91) |
|
2026 (91) | 1068 (94) |
|
2702 (92) | 392 (91) |
|
3042 (92) | 52 (95) |
|
3007 (92) | 87 (89) |
|
3032 (92) | 62 (91) |
|
| Monthly income (Saudi Riyala) | .002 |
|
|
.12 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
<.001 | |||
|
|
<3000 | 407 (23) | 428 (27) |
|
557 (25) | 278 (24) |
|
772 (26) | 63 (15) |
|
805 (24) | 30 (55) |
|
813 (25) | 22 (22) |
|
821 (25) | 14 (21) |
|
|
|
3000 to <5000 | 141 (8) | 149 (10) |
|
198 (9) | 92 (8) |
|
255 (9) | 35 (8) |
|
286 (9) | 4 (7) |
|
284 (9) | 6 (6) |
|
286 (9) | 4 (6) |
|
|
|
5000 to <7000 | 127 (7) | 127 (8) |
|
162 (7) | 92 (8) |
|
225 (8) | 29 (7) |
|
250 (8) | 4 (7) |
|
254 (8) | 0 (0) |
|
252 (8) | 2 (3) |
|
|
|
7000 to <10,000 | 202 (11) | 150 (10) |
|
229 (10) | 123 (11) |
|
288 (10) | 64 (15) |
|
349 (11) | 3 (5) |
|
345 (11) | 7 (7) |
|
347 (11) | 5 (7) |
|
|
|
10,000 to <15,000 | 309 (17) | 271 (17) |
|
365 (16) | 215 (19) |
|
516 (18) | 64 (15) |
|
576 (17) | 4 (7) |
|
565 (17) | 15 (15) |
|
569 (17) | 11 (16) |
|
|
|
15,000 to <20,000 | 262 (15) | 209 (13) |
|
307 (14) | 164 (14) |
|
402 (14) | 69 (16) |
|
467 (14) | 4 (7) |
|
451 (14) | 20 (20) |
|
466 (14) | 5 (7) |
|
|
|
20,000 to <30,000 | 199 (11) | 133 (8) |
|
221 (10) | 111 (10) |
|
269 (9) | 63 (15) |
|
329 (10) | 3 (5) |
|
321 (10) | 11 (11) |
|
321 (10) | 11 (16) |
|
|
|
≥30,000 | 144 (8) | 100 (6) |
|
181 (8) | 63 (6) |
|
199 (7) | 45 (10) |
|
241 (7) | 3 (5) |
|
227 (7) | 17 (17) |
|
228 (7) | 16 (24) |
|
| Education level | .22 |
|
|
.45 |
|
|
.70 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
.03 |
|
|
<.001 | |||
|
|
High school or below | 278 (16) | 252 (16) |
|
363 (16) | 167 (15) |
|
456 (16) | 74 (17) |
|
513 (16) | 17 (31) |
|
515 (16) | 15 (15) |
|
525 (16) | 5 (7) |
|
|
|
College or university degree | 988 (55) | 898 (57) |
|
1240 (56) | 646 (57) |
|
1649 (56) | 237 (55) |
|
1854 (56) | 32 (58) |
|
1842 (57) | 44 (45) |
|
1857 (56) | 29 (43) |
|
|
|
Postgraduate degree | 525 (29) | 417 (27) |
|
617 (28) | 325 (29) |
|
821 (28) | 121 (28) |
|
936 (28) | 6 (11) |
|
903 (28) | 39 (40) |
|
908 (28) | 34 (50) |
|
| Employment status | <.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
.02 |
|
|
.35 | |||
|
|
Government employee | 727 (41) | 581 (37) |
|
819 (37) | 489 (43) |
|
1154 (39) | 154 (36) |
|
1302 (39) | 6 (11) |
|
1262 (39) | 46 (47) |
|
1276 (39) | 32 (47) |
|
|
|
Private sector | 271 (15) | 273 (17) |
|
360 (16) | 184 (16) |
|
485 (17) | 59 (14) |
|
532 (16) | 12 (22) |
|
536 (16) | 8 (8) |
|
536 (16) | 8 (12) |
|
|
|
Retired | 194 (11) | 118 (8) |
|
236 (11) | 76 (7) |
|
214 (7) | 98 (23) |
|
310 (9) | 2 (4) |
|
297 (9) | 15 (15) |
|
309 (9) | 3 (4) |
|
|
|
Self-employed | 79 (4) | 56 (4) |
|
92 (4) | 43 (4) |
|
104 (4) | 31 (7) |
|
135 (4) | 0 (0) |
|
134 (4) | 1 (1) |
|
131 (4) | 4 (6) |
|
|
|
Unemployed | 520 (29) | 539 (34) |
|
713 (32) | 346 (30) |
|
969 (33) | 90 (21) |
|
1024 (31) | 35 (64) |
|
1031 (32) | 28 (29) |
|
1038 (32) | 21 (31) |
|
| Attitudes | .01 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
.07 |
|
|
.02 |
|
|
.78 |
|
|
.07 | |||
|
|
Nonoptimistic | 648 (36) | 632 (40) |
|
912 (41) | 368 (32) |
|
1098 (37) | 182 (42) |
|
1251 (38) | 29 (53) |
|
1244 (38) | 36 (37) |
|
1247 (38) | 33 (49) |
|
|
|
Optimistic | 1143 (64) | 935 (60) |
|
1308 (59) | 770 (68) |
|
1828 (63) | 250 (58) |
|
2052 (62) | 26 (47) |
|
2016 (62) | 62 (63) |
|
2043 (62) | 35 (51) |
|
| Practices | <.001 |
|
|
<.001 |
|
|
.61 |
|
|
.90 |
|
|
.94 |
|
|
.91 | |||
|
|
Negative | 765 (43) | 789 (51) |
|
1085 (49) | 469 (41) |
|
1359 (46) | 195 (45) |
|
1529 (46) | 25 (45) |
|
1509 (46) | 45 (46) |
|
1523 (46) | 31 (46) |
|
|
|
Positive | 1026 (57) | 778 (49) |
|
1135 (51) | 669 (59) |
|
1567 (54) | 237 (55) |
|
1774 (54) | 30 (55) |
|
1751 (54) | 53 (54) |
|
1767 (54) | 37 (54) |
|
aA currency exchange rate of 1 Saudi Riyal=US $0.27 is applicable.