Table 3.
Results of multivariate linear regression analysis of factors associated with depressive, anxiety, stress, and insomnia symptoms
| Variables | Depression (PHQ-9 score) | Anxiety (GAD-7 score) | Stress (DASS-21 stress score) | Insomnia (ISI score) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β Coef. | 95% CI | P-value | β Coef. | 95% CI | P-value | β Coef. | 95% CI | P-value | β Coef. | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Age [year]: | ||||||||||||
| 18–30 | Reference | |||||||||||
| 31–40 | 1.1 | –0.9, 3.2 | 0.27 | –0.5 | –2.4, 1.4 | 0.60 | 1.3 | –0.8, 3.4 | 0.23 | 2.3 | –0.5, 5.1 | 0.11 |
| > 40 | 0.5 | –1.7, 2.7 | 0.65 | –0.6 | –2.6, 1.5 | 0.58 | 1.6 | –0.7, 3.8 | 0.17 | 1.2 | –1.8, 4.2 | 0.43 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Males | Reference | |||||||||||
| Females | 1.3 | –0.4, 3.1 | 0.14 | 1.4 | –0.3, 3.0 | 0.10 | 1.7 | –0.1, 3.5 | 0.06 | 0.8 | –1.6, 3.2 | 0.53 |
| Psoriasis duration [year]: | ||||||||||||
| < 6 | Reference | |||||||||||
| 6–15 | –1.7 | –3.8, 0.3 | 0.10 | –0.6 | –2.6, 1.3 | 0.51 | –0.6 | –2.7, 1.5 | 0.55 | –1.1 | –4.0, 1.7 | 0.42 |
| > 15 | 0.1 | –2.2, 2.3 | 0.96 | –0.2 | –2.3, 1.9 | 0.84 | –1.0 | –3.3, 1.3 | 0.39 | –0.9 | –3.9, 2.2 | 0.58 |
| Psoriasis severity (sa-SPI-s): | ||||||||||||
| Mild (< 10) | Reference | |||||||||||
| Moderate (10–20) | 0.4 | –1.5, 2.3 | 0.66 | –0.1 | –1.9, 1.7 | 0.93 | –0.4 | –2.3, 1.6 | 0.72 | –0.5 | –3.1, 2.1 | 0.70 |
| Severe (> 20) | 1.3 | –1.2, 3.7 | 0.32 | 0.9 | –1.4, 3.2 | 0.45 | 0.7 | –1.8, 3.3 | 0.59 | 0.0 | –3.4, 3.4 | 0.99 |
| Impact of psoriasis on daily life (sa-SPI-p): | ||||||||||||
| < 4 | Reference | |||||||||||
| 4–7 | 2.8 | 0.8, 4.9 | 0.01 | 1.8 | –0.1, 3.7 | 0.07 | 1.9 | –0.2, 4.0 | 0.08 | 3.2 | 0.4, 6.0 | 0.03 |
| > 7 | 5.7 | 3.6, 7.8 | < 0.001 | 3.8 | 1.8, 5.7 | < 0.001 | 5.3 | 3.1, 7.4 | < 0.001 | 6.5 | 3.7, 9.4 | < 0.001 |
| Education level: | ||||||||||||
| Primary | Reference | |||||||||||
| Secondary | –0.8 | –3.5–1.9 | 0.55 | 0.2 | –2.3, 2.7 | 0.85 | –0.2 | –2.9, 2.6 | 0.91 | 1.8 | –1.9, 5.5 | 0.33 |
| Higher | –0.9 | –3.2–1.5 | 0.48 | –1.2 | –3.4, 1.0 | 0.28 | –1.9 | –4.3, 0.6 | 0.13 | 0.8 | –2.4, 4.0 | 0.63 |
PHO-9 – Patient Health Questionnaire, GAD-7– Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, DASS-21 –Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, ISI – Insomnia Severity Index, sa-SPI-s –self-assessed Simplified Psoriasis Index-severity scale, sa-SPI-p–self-assessed Simplified Psoriasis Index-psychosocial impact.