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. 2021 Jul 20;11:680264. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680264

Table 1.

List of tick species reported to be associated with alpha-gal syndrome worldwide.

Associated Ticks# Country Reference
Amblyomma americanum USA Crispell et al. (2019); Platts-Mill and Commins, (2013); Khoury et al. (2018)
Ixodes holocyclus Australia Hamsten et al. (2013); Apostolovic et al. (2014)
Ixodes australiensis
Ixodes ricinus Sweden Hamsten et al. (2013); Gray et al. (2016); Bircher et al. (2017); Schmidle et al. (2019); van Nunen (2018); Mullins et al. (2012); Caponetto et al. (2013); Jappe (2014); Calamari et al. (2015); Uasuf et al. (2018); Lied (2017)
Switzerland
Italy
Germany
Norway
Rhipicephalus bursa Spain Mateos-Hernández et al. (2017)
Haemaphysalis longicornis Korea van Nunen (2018); Lee et al. (2013); Sim et al. (2017)
Japan
Amblyomma cajennese species complex.? Costa Rica van Nunen (2015); van Nunen (2018)
Panama
Not identified Zimbabwe van Nunen (2015)
Amblyomma testudinarium Japan van Nunen (2018); Sekiya et al. (2012); Chinuki et al. (2016); Hashizume et al. (2018)
Amblyomma sculptum Brazil van Nunen (2018); Kaloga et al. (2016)
Amblyomma cajennese species complex.s.s? Ivory Coast
Amblyomma variegatum
Amblyomma herbraeum South Africa van Nunen (2015); Gray et al. (2016)
Not identified France Jacquenet et al. (2009); Morisset et al. (2012); van Nunen (2015); Guillier et al. (2015); Keleş & Gündüz (2019); Berends and Elberink (2017)
Turkey
Netherlands

# Association between tick species and AGS is not experimentally established in the listed reports.?: Exact species variant is not specified in reports.