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. 2021 Aug 4;23(10):56. doi: 10.1007/s11883-021-00956-x

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 1 — Timeline of mortality in women and men from cardiovascular disease from 1980 to 2017. Timeline of observational (NHS, FHS, WISE) and randomized placebo-controlled studies (HERS and WHI) that led to guidelines and the management of ischemic heart disease in women. Also shown are the initiation of national campaigns to increase awareness of heart disease in women (NHLBI Heart Truth campaign and AHA Go Red for Women) and heart centers for women in the United States. Abbreviations: ACC, American College of Cardiology; AHA, American Heart Association; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FHS, Framingham Heart Study; HERS, Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study; NHLBI, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; WISE, Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. (Reprinted with permission Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – Update 2021 ©2021 American Heart Association, Inc.) [4••]