Table 3.

Description and data source of the explanatory variables.

variable	source	province/urban	year	description
demography
old age index	ISTAT	P/U	2011	ratio of people >65 years over people <15 years old
females	ISTAT	U	2011	percentage of females
social capital
higher education	ISTAT	P/U	2011	population proportion with high school degree or higher education degree (as highest certification)
no-profit organizations	ISTAT	P	2011	population proportion volunteering in non-profit organizations
economy
income	MEF	P	2018	average personal income (kEuro)
unemployment	ISTAT	P/U	2011	percentage of unemployed labour force
commuters	ISTAT	P/U	2011	percentage of people commuting daily outside the municipality of residence
agriculture	ISTAT	P	2019	percentage of employees in the agriculture sector
industry	ISTAT	P	2019	percentage of employees in the industry, manufacturing and construction sector
services	ISTAT	P	2019	percentage of employees in the services, retail, tourism sector
territory
population density	ISTAT	P/U	2017	population per unit area
residential buildings	ISTAT	U	2011	percentage of buildings for dwelling purposes
COVID-19 epidemiology
attack rate	CPD	P	2020	percentage of COVID-19 positive tests
bar/restaurant SD order	CPD	P	2020	early phase mitigation policy (binary variable)
large gathering ban	CPD	P	2020	early phase mitigation policy (binary variable)
mandatory school closure	CPD	P	2020	early phase mitigation policy (binary variable)