Figure 3.

Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the development of chronic respiratory diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction accompanies increased mtROS, reduced MMP, mitochondrial calcium overload, mtDNA damage and release, and abnormal mitophagy. This could cause a series of cellular processes, including oxidative stress, inflammasome activation, apoptosis, and senescence. All these cellular processes participate in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic respiratory diseases, including COPD, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), and asthma.