Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Authors, year | Country (study period) | Study design | Sample size (male %) | Age (mean ± SD) | Metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria | Outcome (diagnostic criteria) | BMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement | Site | |||||||
| Kim et al. 2013 [18] | Korean (2008–2010) | Cross-sectional study | 3,207 (46.7) | 52.0 ± 0.4 | Harmonized criteria | Normal BMD vs. decreased BMDa (WHO criteria) | DEXA | Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip |
|
| ||||||||
| Maghraoui et al. 2014 [19] | Morocco (2012–2013) | Cross-sectional study | 270 (0.0) | 61.0 ± 7.8 | NCEPATP III | Nonosteoporosisb vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria) | DEXA | Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip |
|
| ||||||||
| Lee et al. 2015 [20] | Korea (2010–2011) | Cross-sectional study | 3305 (46.5) | 63.0 ± 8.4 | NCEPATP III | Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria) | DEXA | Femoral neck and lumbar spine |
|
| ||||||||
| Eckstein et al. 2016 [21] | Germany (2011–2014) | Cross-sectional study | 1,402 (48.9) | 68.1 ± 3.5 | Harmonized criteria | Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria) | DEXA | Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip |
|
| ||||||||
| Abbasi et al. 2017 [22] | Iran (NA) | Cross-sectional study | 143 (0.0) | 56.8 ± 7.8 | NCEPATP III | Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria) | DEXA | Femoral neck and lumbar spine |
|
| ||||||||
| Heidari et al. 2017 [23] | Iran (2011–2012) | Cross-sectional study | 553 (100.0) | 70.7 ± 7.7 | NCEPATP III | Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria) | DEXA | Femoral neck and lumbar spine |
|
| ||||||||
| Chen et al. 2018 [15] | China (2011–2016) | Cross-sectional study | 938 (0.0) | 61.2 ± 13.8 | CDS | Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria) | DEXA | Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip |
|
| ||||||||
| Loke et al. 2018 [13] | Taiwan (2014–2015) | Cross-sectional study | 1162 (59.5) | 59.9 ± 7.3 | NCEPATP III | Normal BMD vs. decreased BMD (WHO criteria) | DEXA | Radius head, femoral neck, and total hip |
|
| ||||||||
| Lin et al. 2018 [14] | Taiwan (NA) | Cross-sectional study | 2007 (52.1) | 58.9 ± NA | NCEPATP III | Nonosteoporosis vs. osteoporosis (WHO criteria) | DEXA | Femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip |
Note. SD, standard deviance; BMD, bone mineral density; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; NA, not available; CDS, Chinese Diabetes Society; NCEPATP III, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. aDecreased BMD includes both osteopenia and osteoporosis. bNonosteoporosis includes both normal BMD and osteopenia.