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Applications of B. subtilis biofilms as biomaterials. (A) Engineering B. subtilis biofilms as living functional materials. Three-dimensional complex printing of biofilms into multiple printable designs, hydrogel and living therapeutics. (B) B. subtilis biofilms as living building materials, Casting and moulding of B. subtilis biofilm with mortar and cement for the construction of bio-bricks such as hybrid mortar, self-healing concrete and living surfaces.
