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. 2021 Aug 3;12:4408. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24627-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Abnormal invasion and adherence of placental trophoblasts into the uterine myometrium, classified into placenta accreta, increta, and percreta based on the severity of the disorder. During implantation and placentation, a small number of cTBs sheds from the placenta into the maternal circulation. NanoVelcro Chip, composed of an overlaid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chaotic mixer and an anti-EpCAM-coated silicon nanowire substrates (SiNWS), was adopted to capture both single and clustered cTBs (colored in green) in maternal blood, allowing for noninvasive detection of PAS disorder. The trophoblast origin of the cTBs was confirmed by detecting trophoblast-specific genes and immunocytochemistry (ICC) staining on the captured cTBs. b Representative micrographs of ICC staining on a single cTB and clustered cTBs (DAPI+/CK7+/HLA-G+/CD45–) captured by NanoVelcro Chips. Blue: DAPI stained nuclei; green: FITC stained CK7; orange: TRITC stained HLA-G; red: CY5 stained CD45. Scale bar, 10 µm. Data are representatives of five independent assays.