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. 2021 Aug 3;7:62. doi: 10.1038/s41522-021-00236-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a BiofilmChip 3D view, b 3D view of one chamber with the electrodes and one set of 3 chambers, c experimental setup, d changes in the mechanical flow rate (in blue) and the manual flow rate (in red, only during the inoculation with bacteria and applications of treatment or stain), e expected relative impedance and f biofilm formation over time. Figure created in part with www.biorender.com.